Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 26

Grubstake to Grocery Store: Supplying the Klondike, 1897-1907

by Margaret Archibald

Endnotes

The Artery: Yukon River Trade Before 1896

1 Lois Delano Kitchener, Flag Over the North: The Story of the Northern Commercial Company (Seattle: Superior Publishing [1954], p. 24.

2 Ibid., p. 26.

3 William Ogilvie, The Klondike Official Guide Canada's Great Gold Fields, the Yukon. . . . with Regulations Governing Placer Mining (Toronto: Hunter, Rose, 1898) (hereafter cited as Klondike Official Guide), p. 9.

4 William Ogilvie, Early Days on the Yukon & the Story of Its Gold Fields (Ottawa: Thorburn and Abbott, 1913) (hereafter cited as Early Days), pp. 24-25.

5 Ibid., p. 24.

6 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 28.

7 Pierre Berton, Klondike: The Life and Death of the Last Great Gold Rush (Toronto: McCelland and Stewart, 1961), p. 5.

8 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., pp. 32-33.

9 Ibid., p. 35.

10 Richard Mathews, The Yukon (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston [1968]), p. 76.

11 William Ogilvie, Klondike Official Guide, p. 48.

12 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., pp. 150-51.

13 Ibid., p. 151.

14 William Ogilvie, Early Days, p. 68.

15 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 151.

16 ibid.

17 Kathryn Winslow, Big Pan-Out (New York: Norton [1951]), p. 143.

18 F. Mortimer Trimmer, ed., The Yukon Territory: The Narrative of W.H. Dall, Leader of the Expedition to Alaska in 1866-1868; The Narrative of an Exploration Made in 1887 in Yukon District by G.M. Dawson: Extracts from the Report of an Exploration made in 1896-1897 by W. Ogilvie (London: Downey, 1898), p. 301.

19 William Ogilvie, Early Days, p. 105.

20 Ibid., p. 111

21 F. Mortimer Trimmer, op. cit., pp. 379-80.

22 Ibid. Lois Delano Kitchener's sources estimate the territory's population as 400. This figure may include Alaska. See Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 152.

23 William Ogilvie, Early Days, pp. 69-70.

24 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 44.

25 Ibid., p. 152.

26 Joseph Ladue, Kiondyke Facts, Being a Complete Guide Book to the Great Gold Regions of the Yukon and Klondyke, and the North West Territories (Montreal: John Lovell and Sons [1897]), p. 164.

27 Veazie Wilson, Guide to the Yukon Goldfields, Where They Are and How to Reach Them (Seattle: Calvert, 1895), p. 71.

28 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 142.

29 Ibid., pp. 45-46.

30 William Ogilvie, Early Days, p. 267.

31 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 187.

32 William Ogilvie, Early Days, p. 67.

33 E. Tappan Adney, The Klondike Stampede (New York: Harper Brothers, 1900), p. 272.

34 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 189.

35 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., p. 272.

36 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 191.

37 Canada. Parliament. House of Commons, Sessional Papers, Report of the North-West Mounted Police, 1896, report by Inspector C. Constantine, Fort Constantine, 20 Nov. 1896.

38 William Ogilvie, Klondike Official Guide, p. 78.

39 Alan Innes-Taylor, "The Early History of Forty Mile and the Yukon," manuscript in possession of the author, reference to 1873; John W. Leonard, The Gold Fields of the Klondike; Fortune Seeker's Guide to the Yukon Region of Alaska and British America; the Story as Told by Ladue, Berry, Phiscator and Other Gold Finders (London: T. F. Unwin, 1897), p. 177. The 1897 reference is made to river posts at that date, not to Dawson.

40 Canada. Public Archives (hereafter cited as PAC), MG30, C2, Constantine Papers, Vol. 1, Constantine diary, 24 Nov. 1896.

41 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 266.

42 Ibid., pp. 95-97.

43 Veazie Wilson, op. cit., Appendix, p. 3.

44 Ibid., p. 70.

45 Pierre Berton, op. cit., p. 26.

46 Ibid.

47 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 254.

48 Ibid., p. 46.

49 Charles M. Gates, "Human Interest Notes on Seattle and the Alaskan Gold Rush," The Pacific Northwest Quarterly Vol. 34 (1943), pp. 205-11.

The Great Outfitting Rush, 1897-98

1 University of Toronto Archives. Dawson Board of Trade, Paystreak, No. 6, Dec. 1899.

2 James Grierson MacGregor, The Klondike Rush Through Edmonton, 1897-98 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart [1970]), pp. 257-59 quoted as Appendix L below.

3 E. Jerome Dyer, The Routes and Mineral Resources of North Western Canada (London: George Philip, 1898), pp. 254-58, reprint from the Calgary Herald, 16 Sept. 1898.

4 Laurence A. Johnson, Over the Counter and on the Shelf: Country Storekeeping in America, 1620-1920, ed. Marcia Ray (Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1961), p. 85.

5 Ibid., p. 90.

6 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 14, No. 7 (Feb. 1900), p. 13.

7 Ibid., Vol. 19, No. 26 (May 1905), p. 99.

8 Laurence A. Johnson, op. cit., p. 87.

9 Ibid.

10 Hannah Campbell, Why Did They Name It? (New York: Fleet Publishing, 1964), p. 58.

11 "A Backward Glance: 56 Years Ago This Week," Saturday Night, 13 Feb. 1954 (hereafter cited as "A Backward Glance"), p. 17.

12 Klondike Nugget (semi-weekly), 16 June 1898.

13 "A Backward Glance," p. 17.

14 William Ogilvie, Klondike Official Guide, p. 138.

15 E. Jerome Dyer, op. cit., p. 254.

16 Ibid., p. 257.

17 The first truly effective food legislation in the United States was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 (see United States. Laws, Statues, etc., United States Code [Washington: Government Printing Office, 1941], Vol. 2, titles 17-33). In Canada no food standards were established (except pertaining to tea) until 1910.

18 Alaska Commercial Company (hereafter cited as AC Company), To the Klondike Gold Fields and Other Points of Interest in Alaska (San Francisco: AC Company, 1898), p. 69.

19 William Ogilvie, Klondike Official Guide, pp. 137-38.

20 Ibid., p. iv.

21 Chicago Record, Klondike; The Chicago Record's Book for Goldseekers . . . (Chicago: Chicago Record, 1897), p. 53.

22 William A.R. Thomson, ed., Black's Medical Dictionary 26th ed. (London: A. and C. Black, 1965).

23 Ibid.

24 Mary E. Hitchcock, Two Women in the Klondike; the Story of a Journey to the Gold-Fields of Alaska (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1899), p. 332.

25 Rose Helper, "The Yukon Gold Rush; A Study in Social Disorganization and Reorganization," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, 1945, p. 117, from Fred Palmer, 1899.

26 Joseph Ladue, op. cit., p. 89.

27 Ibid.

28 Charles Henry Lugrin, comp., Yukon Gold Fields. Map Showing Routes from Victoria, B.C., to the Various Mining Camps on the Yukon River and Its Branches, Mining Regulations of the Dominion Government and Forms of Application, Together with Table of Distances, Extracts from Mr. Ogilvie's Reports and Other Information (Victoria, B.C.: Colonist Printing and Publishing, 1897), p. 26.

29 William Ogilvie, Klondike Official Guide, p. 139.

30 University of Washington, Seattle, Northwest Collection, annual report of the Seattle Chamber of Commerce, 1898.

31 AC Company, op. cit., p. 73, Baker and Hamilton Company, manufacturers.

32 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., p. 222.

33 William St. Clair Greever, The Bonanza West: The Story of the Western Mining Rushes, 1848-1900 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), p. 375; Dawson Daily News (hereafter cited as DD News), 28 Oct. 1899.

34 William Ogilvie, Klondike Official Guide, p. xxxiii, Walter Dean, Toronto, manufacturer.

35 Guy Lawrence, 40 Years on the Yukon Telegraph (Vancouver: Mitchell Press [1965]), p. 17.

36 Robert R. Still, "Historical and Competitive Aspects of Grocery Wholesaling in Seattle, Washington," Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Commercial Science, University of Washington, 1953, p. 25.

37 Veazie Wilson, op. cit., advertising section.

38 Joseph Ladue, op. cit., p. 89.

39 Robert R. Still, op. cit., p. 43.

40 William Ogilvie, Klondike Official Guide, p. 89.

41 Yukon Via Prince Albert (Prince Albert, Sask.: n.p., 1898), unpaginated.

42 J.D. MacGregor, op. cit., passim.

43 Jeanette Paddock Nicols, "Advertising and the Klondike Washington Historic Quarterly, Vol. 13 (1922), pp. 22-23.

44 Norbert MacDonald, "Seattle, Vancouver and the Klondike Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 49 (1968), p. 243. Vancouver's Board of Trade did not begin its advertising campaign for the Klondike trade until August 1897, an entire month after the Seattle Chamber of Commerce had launched its campaign.

45 Charles M. Gates, op. cit., p. 208.

46 Robert R. Still, op. cit., p. 36.

47 Ibid., p. 49.

48 Seattle. Chamber of Commerce, A Few Facts About Seattle, the Queen City of the Pacific, 1900, comp. Arthur Charles Jackson (Seattle: A.C. Jackson, 1898).

49 Toronto Globe, 7 Feb. 1898, p. 4.

50 PAC, RG16, A4, Vol. 18, "Regulations re Transit of Goods Through Alaska," telegram from A.R. Milne, collector of customs, Victoria, to Commissioner of Customs, Ottawa, 29 July 1897. Customs collectors were dispatched to Dyea and Tagish (the confluence of the White and Chilkoot pass routes) on 29 July 1897. By mid-February 1898 two North-West Mounted Police detachments had hoisted the flag and were ready to collect on the summits of both passes. See Canada. North-West Mounted Police, Report, 1894-1905 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1895-1906) (hereafter cited as N-WMP, Report), 1899, Supt. S.B. Steele, Dawson, 10 Jan. 1899, p. 6.

51 Canada. Parliament. House of Commons, Sessional Papers (hereafter cited as Sessional Papers), 1899, Vol. 12, No. 15, part 3, report of Supt. Z.T. Wood, 1 November 1898, p. 47.

52 Victoria Daily Colonist 31 July 1897, p. 4.

53 Patricia Roy, "Railways, Politicians and the Development of the City of Vancouver as a Metropolitan Centre, 1886-1929," M.A. thesis, University of Toronto, 1963, p. 78.

54 Norbert MacDonald, op. cit., p. 244.

55 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 12, No. 14 (8 April 1898), p. 26.

56 PAC, MG30, I11, Vol. 22, files 1-3, H.J. Woodside Papers, Yukon miscellaneous and memorabilia, March 1898.

57 Guy Lawrence, op. cit., p. 3.

58 The problems of distance and climate made it obvious that the shipping season to Dawson ended in July; after the middle of that month no one could be sure that goods sent north would arrive safely. This is fully discussed in a later chapter.

59 Norbert MacDonald, op. cit., p. 242. See also the Vancouver News Advertiser, 5 Oct. 1898 and the Victoria Daily Colonist, 21 and 28 Oct. 1898.

60 Patricia Roy, op. cit., p. 49.

61 PAC, Picture Division, National Photography Collection, Neg. PA-13497 (1898).

62 William Ogilvie, Klondike Official Guide, p. 136.

63 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 12, No. 7 (18 Feb. 1898), p. 36.

64 James Grierson MacGregor, op. cit., pp. 257-59, and Chicago Record, op. cit., p. 49.

65 Yukon Via Prince Albert, op. cit., advertisement for J.E. Sinclair.

66 Toronto Globe, 15 Feb. 1898, p. 4

67 Ibid., 8 Feb. 1898, p. 12, and 15 Feb. 1898, p. 4.

68 Ibid., 15 Feb. 1898, p. 4.

69 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 12, No. 3 (1 Jan. 1898), p. 13.

70 Ibid., Nos. 4, 9, 13.

71 Ibid., No. 24 (17 June 1898), p. 6.

72 Ibid., No. 6 (11 Feb. 1898). The article states that the agent for the Alaska Exploration Company in Dawson had been in Montreal in January. In ibid., No. 4 (27 Jan. 1898) an AC Company agent was rumoured to be on his way east.

73 Ibid., No. 3 (21 Jan. 1898), p. 13.

74 Ibid., No. 7 (18 Feb. 1898), p. 1.

75 Ibid., No. 7 (21 Jan. 1898), p. 15.

Swamp to Boom Town: Dawson from 1896 to 1898

1 Kathryn Winslow, op. cit., p. 143.

2 Pierre Berton, op. cit., p 52

3 John W. Leonard, op. cit., p. 132

4 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p 214.

5 Pierre Berton, op. cit., p 95

6 Ibid.

7 Joseph Ladue, op. cit., p. 165.

8 PAC, MG30, C2, Vol. 1, Constantine diary, 3 Nov. 1896.

9 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 198.

10 N-WMP, Report 1897, Supt. C. Constantine's report, 18 Jan. 1898, p.

11 Kathryn Winslow, op cit, p. 200

12 PAC, MG30, C2, Vol 1, Constantine diary, 17 March 1898.

13 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., p. 188.

14 Kathryn Winslow, op. cit., pp. 202-4. Neither boat made it past Circle City, and when some desperate souls went on to Fort Yukon they found that supplies were limited there as well. See E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., p. 190.

15 Kathryn Winslow, op. cit., p. 103.

16 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., p. 331.

17 Kathryn Winslow, op. cit., p 152.

18 Klondike Daily Nugget (hereafter cited as Nugget), 7 Sept. 1898. It should be noted that the Nugget was not on the scene until the crisis was over. Vol. 1, No. 1 appeared on 16 June 1898.

19 Ibid., 17 Sept. 1898.

20 PAC, MG30, C2, Vol. 1, Constantine diary, 2 May 1898.

21 Sessional Papers, 1898, No. 13, report of Major Walsh, commissioner, 15 Aug. 1898, p. 319.

22 Harold A. Innis, Settlement and the Mining Frontier, Vol. 9 of Canadian Frontiers of Settlement eds. W.A. MacKintosh and W. L.G. Joerg (Toronto: Macmillan, 1936), p. 193.

23 Joseph Ladue, op. cit., pp. 136-37.

24 Nugget, 16 June 1898.

25 PAC, MG29, C3, George Coffey, Diary, 21 May 1898.

26 Pierre Berton, op. cit., p. 293.

27 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., p. 377

28 Paul T. Mizony, "Gold Rush — A Boy's Impression of the Stampede Into the Klondike During the Days of 1898," manuscript on file, Dawson Museum, 1956, p. 16. Eggs had cost as much as $18 a dozen before the first boat arrived. See also Sessional Papers 1899, Vol. 33, No. 15, report by Insp. F. Harper, Dawson, 29 Dec. 1898, p. 67. Subsequent scow arrivals drove the price down to $10, to $5 and finally to $3 a dozen.

29 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., pp. 377, 467.

30 Nugget, 16 June 1898.

31 Ibid., 31 Aug. 1898.

32 Ibid.

33 Ibid.

34 Ibid., 10 Sept. 1898.

35 Nugget, 4 July 1901.

36 Nugget, 10 Sept. 1898.

37 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., p. 389.

38 Nugget, 3 Sept. 1898.

39 Ibid., 7 and 24 Sept. 1898.

40 Ibid., 8 Oct. 1898.

41 Ibid.

42 Ibid., 28 June 1898.

43 PAC, RG85, Vol. 420, Northern Administration Branch, file No. 3008, 19 July 1898, N-WMP census.

44 Nugget, 1 Oct. 1898.

45 Ibid., 5 Oct. 1898.

46 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 194.

47 Kathryn Winslow, op. cit., p. 152.

48 Paul T. Mizony, op. cit., p. 16.

49 Julius M. Price, From Euston to Klondike; The Narrative of a Journey Through British Columbia and the North-West Territory in the Summer of 1898 . . . (London: S. Low, Marston, 1898), p. 172.

50 PAC, Picture Division, National Photography Collection, Neg. PA 13480, "Closing out sale at Dawson, Y.T."

51 Jeremiah Lynch, Three Years in the Klondike, reprinted., ed. Dale L. Morgan (Chicago: R.P. Donnelly and Sons, 1967), p. 50.

52 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., p. 377; Léon Boillot, Aux mines d'or du Klondike: du lac Bennett à Dawson City (Paris: Hachette, 1899), p. 122; J. Lynch, op. cit., pp. 34-35.

53 Kathryn Winslow, op. cit., p. 144.

54 Nugget, 10 Aug. 1898

55 Ibid., 13 Aug. 1898

56 Kathryn Winslow, op cit, p 152.

57 Nugget, 17 Aug. 1898

58 Ibid., 1 Oct. 1898, advertisement for Dawson Furniture Company.

59 Mary E. Hitchcock, op. cit., p. 239; Arthur Treadwell Walden, A Dog Puncheron the Yukon (Montreal: Louis Carrier, 1928), p. 164.

60 Jeremiah Lynch, op. cit., p. 30.

61 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., pp. 346-47.

62 Nugget, 21 Sept. 1898.

63 Ibid., 14 Oct. 1898.

64 DD News, 1899.

65 Dawson's second major fire did over $600,000 damage on 26 April 1899. There were two smaller fires in January and February 1899 (see Jeremiah Lynch, op. cit., p. 313, n.). All told, Dawson lost over a million dollars in fires during that season.

The Hinterland Market

1 Sessional Papers, 1901, Vol. 35, No. 28a, report by Supt. Z.T. Wood (N-WMP), Dawson, 31 Dec. 1900, p. 5.

2 Ibid.

3 Nugget, 15 Oct. 1898.

4 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 213.

5 DD News, 28 Sept. 1899.

6 Dawson Hardware Company, Dawson, Yukon Territory, business records, 6 July 1903. Freight was just then arriving from Saint Michael.

7 PAC, RG16, AS, Vol. 45, Department of National Revenue, Customs Port Records, 1899-1924, Dawson Register of Vessels Inward.

8 Dawson Hardware Company, op. cit., Dawson Hardware Company to Dominion Wire Rope Company, 22 Jan. 1902.

9 Ibid.; also ibid., 25 March 1901, stating that orders were then being sent out.

10 R.L. Polk and Company, Alaska-Yukon Gazetteer and Business Directory. 1902 (Seattle: R.L. Polk, 1902) (hereafter cited as Polk, Directory, 1902), p. 165.

11 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 17 (26 June 1903), p. 38; Dawson Hardware Company, op. cit., Dawson Hardware Company to Guttapercha and Rubber Manufacturing Company of Toronto, 13 Feb. 1903.

12 DD News, 22 May 1902.

13 Ibid., 25 Sept. 1902; Dawson Hardware Company, op. cit., Dawson Hardware Company to Thomas Davidson Manufacturing Company re goods arriving in Skagway too late to catch the last steamer to Dawson and therefore having to be shipped back to Vancouver.

14 Ibid., 22 Nov. 1899.

15 Ibid., 25 Sept. 1902.

16 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18, No. 1 (5 Jan. 1904), p. 12.

17 Dawson Hardware Company, op. cit., letter to Thomas Dunn and Company, Vancouver, 28 Dec. 1901. The letter describes in detail the poor condition of goods sent, after they had spent a month on the Skagway wharves. Axe handles had warped, and gas and oil had leaked through their packing cases. Blaming the condition of the goods on the shippers' lack of attention to packing, the Dawson Hardware Company was planning to deduct 25 per cent from their payment for those goods.

18 DD News, 14 May 1902, Barrett and Hull advertisement and ibid., 2 May 1902, CIK Grocery advertisement.

19 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18 (29 June 1904), p. 44.

20 Canada. Department of the Interior, The Yukon Territory, Its History and Resources. 1907 (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1907) (hereafter cited as The Yukon Territory), pp. 79-81.

21 Paul T. Mizony, op. cit., pp. 27-28. Both the title ("A Boy's Impression") and the date (1956) of this manuscript should temper one's reaction to what might well be an exaggeration, except in a few instances, See also Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18, No. 10 (4 March 1904), p. 49. By this time, the heated sleighs described by Mizony had proved to be too expensive, and had been replaced by a process of insulating perishables in the middle of the load.

22 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18, No. 1 (5 Jan. 1904), p. 44.

23 Dawson Hardware Company, op. cit., letter to Joseph Le Cappellain, 19 May 1903.

24 Ibid., letter to Thomas Dunn and Company, 14 Jan. 1902.

25 Ibid., 27 Dec. 1901.

26 PAC, MG27, IIB, 1, Minto Papers, Vol. 24, p. 74. L.R. Fulda to A.H. Sladen, 27 Aug. 1900.

27 Neil F. Shuffler and Emery W. Smith. "Terms of Purchase." in Committee on Retailing, Principles of Retailing (New York: Pitman, 1955), p. 266.

28 DD News, July and August 1899, passim, advertisements.

29 Ibid., 20 Nov. 1902.

30 PAC, Yukon Territorial Records (in process to RG91) (hereafter cited as PAC, Yukon Territorial Records), File 20, application from Yukon Dock Company to Crown Timber and Land Agent for waterfront footage, 1 Feb.1900.

31 DD News, 2 Sept. 1902.

32 Ibid. Hotels were an even greater risk; their owners, almost without exception, could not afford the high rates.

33 While S. Morley Wickett speaks of the fall in property values in 1902, complaints continued that rents were unnaturally and unfairly high. See S. Morley Wickett, "Yukon Trade: Report to the Canadian Manufacturers' Association on Trade Conditions and Prospects in the Yukon," Industrial Canada, Vol. 3 (1902), p. 166, and PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, file 492, 12 Jan. 1904, F. Joslin to Crown Timber and Land Agent (re high waterfront rents).

34 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 214.

35 Sessional Papers, 1902, Vol. 36, No. 25, report of Commissioner James H. Ross, Dawson, 10 Oct. 1902, p. 4.

36 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., p. 170.

37 PAC, MG27, II, B1, Minto Papers, Vol. 24, p. 93, William Heras (AC Company Agent) to A.H. Sladen, 17 Aug. 1900, enclosure No. 1.

38 Nugget, 23 Nov. 1901.

39 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., p. 170.

40 Nugget, 24 July 1901.

41 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 255 and DD News, 7 April 1900.

42 Ibid., 5 April 1900, announcement of Canadian Development Company's rates; ibid., 20 April 1902, announcement of NC Company's rates. By this time, the Dawson Hardware Company had long since sent out its annual orders; see Dawson Hardware Company records, 25 March 1901 and 22 Jan. 1902.

43 DD News, 14 June 1902.

44 Dawson Hardware Company records, letter to Le Cappellaine, 5 Aug. 1903.

45 Ibid., Langley to Le Cappellaine, 10 March 1904.

46 DD News, 7 April 1900, editorial, "Freight Rates Too High."

47 Victoria Daily Colonist, 18 August 1897, "The Klondyke Gold Fields Are in Canada."

48 DD News, 14 April 1900.

49 PAC, RG16, A4, Vol. 18, Dept. of National Revenue, Customs, Goods in transit through Alaska, 1898-1901, A.R. Milne (collector of customs, Victoria), to J. McDougald (commissioner of customs, Ottawa), 10 Aug. 1897, p. 2.

50 Nugget, 15 Oct. 1898. Listings of customs duties in various Dawson directories and gazetteers before 1910 show little variation from the 1898 schedule.

51 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 12, No. 12 (25 March 1898), p. 15.

52 PAC, RG16, A4, Vol. 18, Privy Council, series of letters from Dept. of State re complaints from the Skagway Chamber of Commerce, letter from Lord Poncefote (Washington, D.C.) to Minto, 29 Nov. 1900.

53 PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, file No. 9934, information for yearbook, 1903-04, "Customs Canada," p. 6.

54 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18 (4 Nov. 1904), pp. 36-37.

55 DD News, 22 May 1900, "Canada's Big Trade."

56 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., p. 172.

57 DD News, 23 Feb. 1900.

58 Ibid., special "Midsummer Edition," 1899, p. 8. This claim first appeared in the form of an advertisement, but was borne out later by an article in the DD News.

59 PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, file No. 9934. Submitted for the year book, 1903-4, by the Territorial Secretary

60 Appendix C gives a more complete list of companies and their places of origin.

61 PAC, MG27, II, B1, Vol. 24, p. 90, W.H. Isom, Dawson, to A.F. Sladen, 17 Aug. 1900.

62 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., p. 171.

63 PAC, MG27, II, B1, L.R. Fulda to A.H. Sladen, 27 Aug. 1900, p. 9.

64 F.C. Wade, "A Business Talk on the Yukon," Canadian Magazine, Vol. 19 (June 1902), p. 30.

65 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., p. 171; DD News, 14 April 1900.

66 Vancouver Daily Province, 1 June 1905, quoted in Patricia Roy, op. cit., p. 100, n.

67 Morris Zaslow, "The Yukon: Northern Development in a Canadian-American Context," in Canadian Historical Association Centennial Seminars, University of Victoria, B.C., 1967, Regionalism in the Canadian Community, 1867-1967, ed. Mason Wade (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ca. 1969), p. 96.

68 DD News, 4 May 1902.

69 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., p. 171. Wickett suspects that the earlier clause in the Yukon Act refusing to license any brewery in the territory was a reflection of the lobbying of Seattle brewers, who wanted to maintain their monopoly.

70 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18, No. 22 (3 June 1904), p. 44.

71 Yukon Territory. Commissioner's Office, The Yukon Territory: A Brief Presented to the Royal Commission on Canada's Economic Prospects, by F.H. Collins, Commissioner, at Edmonton, Alberta, on November 22, 1955 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1955), Appendix B, "Population of the Yukon Territory, 1901-1951" (Dominion Bureau of Statistic figures). The population numbers are as follows:

72 Sessional Papers, 1902, Vol. 36, No. 25, report of Commissioner James H. Ross, Dawson, 10 Oct. 1902, p. 4.

73 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18 (4 Nov. 1904), pp. 36-37. The figures for the tonnage of freight moved northward from Vancouver and the Yukon, 1902-4.

74 Ibid., Vol. 18 (1 July 1904), p. 46.

75 Ibid., 17 June 1904, p. 40.

76 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 255.

77 DD News, special cleanup edition, 1909, p. 10.

Metropolitan Airs: Dawson from 1899 to 1903

1 Sessional Papers, 1900, No. 5, report of Supt. A.B. Perry, N-WMP, Dawson, 30 Nov. 1899, p. 3.

2 DD News, 2 Sept. 1899.

3 John Scudder McLain, Alaska and the Klondike (New York: McClure, Phillips, 1905), p. 42.

4 William Seymour Edwards, Into the Yukon (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke, 1904), p. 126.

5 Marian L. Ferguson, Dawson City, Yukon Territory and Alaska Directory and Gazetteer, 1901 (n.p., n.p., 1901) (hereafter cited as Directory, 1901).

6 DD News, midsummer edition, 1899, p. 3.

7 The process of macadamizing involved building a roadbed up into a solidly compressed mass of gravel and (in some cases) sawdust, and levelling and grading the clay surface to make the road firmer and less dusty.

8 Marian L. Ferguson, Directory, 1901, p. 47

9 Ibid., p. 48.

10 Yukon Territory. Laws, Statutes, etc., Ordinances, 1900 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1901), No. 29.

11 DD News, 4 Jan. 1900.

12 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., p. 166.

13 Sessional Papers, 1900, Vol. 34, No. 15, report of the Health Officer, Dr. J.W. Good, 26 Dec. 1899, p. 76. Three hundred cases of typhoid were reported in Dawson in 1898, but only seven were reported in the year June 1902 to June 1903. See PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, file No. 9934.

14 Sessional Papers, 1901, Vol. 35, No. 28A, report of Supt. Z.T. Wood, N-WMP, Dawson, 31 Dec. 1900, p. 4.

15 Marian L. Ferguson, Directory, 1901, p. 166.

16 DD News, midsummer edition, 1899, pp. 2-3.

17 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., p. 166.

18 Nugget, 12 April 1901.

19 Yukon Territory. Laws, Statutes, etc., op. cit., No. 13. This ordinance imposed a fine of as much as $50 on any owner of a sign which projected over or onto the sidewalk. It was repealed in 1901.

20 Henry J. Woodside, "Dawson As It Is," Canadian Magazine, Vol. 17 (1901), p. 410.

21 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 215.

22 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 257.

23 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., p. 145.

24 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 260.

25 Nugget, 8, 24, 25 and 29 July 1901.

26 DD News, 2 Sept. 1902.

27 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., p. 166.

28 How Dawson's 50 warehouses were distributed among its wholesale and warehousing companies is not known. It seems very likely, however, that the majority of merchants did not have their own warehouses. In 1900 the AE Company alone owned 7 of the 50.

29 PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, file No. 492, F. Joslin to Crown Land and Timber Agent, 12 Jan. 1904.

30 Henry J. Woodside, op. cit., p. 411.

31 Nugget, 1 June 1901.

32 Ibid., 5 June 1901.

33 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., pp. 46, 224.

34 Sessional Papers, 1904, No. 25, report of Commissioner Fred T. Congdon, 3 Aug. 1903, p. 5.

35 Rose Helper, op. cit., p. 251.

36 Ibid.

37 DD News, midsummer edition, 1899, p. 1; E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., pp. 461-62; Rose Helper, op. cit., p. 251; John Scudder McLain, op. cit., p. 42.

38 Marian L. Ferguson, Directory, 1901.

39 DD News, midsummer edition, 1899, p. 8.

40 Dawson Hardware Company, records, Langley to Le Cappellain, 10 July 1903 and 9 April 1904 and letter from J.O. Le Cappellain, 22 June 1903.

41 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18 (2 Sept. 1904), p. 4 and ibid. (23 Sept. 1904), p. 50.

42 Ibid., Vol. 19 (13 Jan. 1905), p. 39.

43 DD News, 9 May 1902.

44 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 17, No. 49 (Dec. 1903), p. 21.

45 Nugget, 24 July 1901.

46 These figures and those that follow have been compiled from the various Yukon directories and gazetteers for the years 1901, 1902 and 1903. See Marian L. Ferguson, Directory, 1901 and Polk, Directory 1902.

47 Yukon Territory. Laws, Statutes, etc., op. cit., 1899, No. 36, respecting transient traders, defines such a trader as "any person, partnership or company doing business within the Yukon Territory without having any established place of business either as a proprietor, tenant or occupant of any lot of ground subject either to rent or to taxation or in the possession of any private individual within the territory."

48 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 252.

49 DD News, 30 May and 10 and 11 June 1902.

50 This view is expressed by the commissioner himself; see Sessional Papers, 1905, No. 25, report of Commissioner Fred T. Congdon, 10 Aug. 1904, p. 3. Harold A. Innis maintains the same argument (Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 252).

51 DD News, 27 Aug. 1902.

52 Sessional Papers, 1905, No. 25, p. 3.

53 DD News, 3 May 1900. The N-WMP conducted a survey of population in various creek communities and produced these figures:

54 PAC, MG29, C19, Alden R. Smith, "Klondike Gold Rush 1898," letterbook, 30 June 1898, p. 15.

55 Michael MacGowan, The Hard Road to Klondike (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, ca. 1962), p. 119.

56 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., p. 252.

57 PAC, MG29, C19, Smith letterbook, 29 April 1898, p. 9.

58 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 217.

59 David Robert Morrison, "The Politics of the Yukon Territory: 1898-1908," M.A. thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., 1964, p. 22; Nugget, 15 July 1899.

60 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., p. 169.

61 William Seymour Edwards, op. cit., pp. 130, 152.

62 DD News, 23 April 1900.

63 Nugget, 5 June 1901.

64 Ibid., 11 Aug. 1902. A report in the DD News special edition of 21 July 1909 states the road to be 330 miles long (p. 15).

65 DD News, 2 Oct. and 17 Sept. 1902.

66 Ibid., 1 Sept. 1902.

67 William Seymour Edwards, op. cit., p. 106.

68 PAC, RG16, A4, Vol. 18, Dept. of National Revenue, Customs, "Goods in Transit Through Alaska," series of letters from the State Department, Washington, D.C., 27 Jan. 1900.

Mercantile Mosaic: The Men and their Methods

1 DD News, 20 Oct. 1899, AE Company advertisement.

2 Gerald Carson, The Old Country Store (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), ch. 6, "A Man of Many Parts."

3 These figures are taken from Polk, Directory 1902.

4 From advertisements in the DD News, 1902, passim.

5 Nugget, 20 Aug. 1898, advertisement of Kelly and Company, druggists.

6 DD News, midsummer edition, 1899, p. 1.

7 Henry J. Woodside, op. cit., p. 409.

8 PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, file No. 1443, petition of Dawson merchants, dated 10 July 1902 to Commissioner Ross re ordinance No. 8, 8 July 1902.

9 PAC, MG27, II, B1, H.G. Graham, "Across Canada to the Klondyke. July 19 to October 13, 1900," p. 129.

10 Yukon Territory. Laws, Statutes, etc., The Consolidated Ordinances of the Yukon Territory 1902: Being a Consolidation of the Consolidated Ordinances of the North-West Territories, 1898, with the Subsequent Public General Ordinances of the Council of the Yukon Territory ([Whitehorse]: n.p., 1903) (hereafter cited as Consolidated Ordinances), ch. 76, p. 602.

11 PAC, MG27, II, B1, H.G. Graham, op. cit.

12 PAC, MG27, G1(a), Laurier papers, Vol. 67, 1898, pp. 21706-8.

13 Polk, Directory 1902, p. 174.

14 Montreal Star, 21 Jan. 1903, clipping in PAC, MG30, I, 11, Woodside papers, Vol. 22, file No. 2, memorabilia and clippings.

15 Nugget (semi-weekly), 26 Aug. 1899; ibid., "Special Souvenir Edition," 1 Nov. 1899, p. 23, Sargent and Pinska; DD News, 14 April 1900, McLennan and McFeely; ibid., 19 Feb. 1900, AE Company; Nugget, 31 Aug. 1898, SYT Company; Canadian Grocer, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Jan. 1898), AC Company.

16 Yukon Territory. Laws, Statutes, etc., Ordinances, 1900, Nos. 8 and 14; ibid., 1901, Nos. 6 and 7; ibid., public notice, 19 April 1901.

17 DD News, 25 Sept. 1902.

18 Ibid., 20 Oct. 1899.

19 Ibid., 11 June 1902.

20 Yukon Territory. Laws, Statutes, etc., Ordinances, 1899, No. 36. DD News, 7 August 1902. "More merchants on the stand," p. 5.

21 PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, Commission, miscellaneous documents, Ezra Meeker, "Ezra Meeker's Klondike Venture," 1908, p. 1.

22 Ibid., p. 2.

23 Interview with Charles Taylor, Whitehorse, Aug. 1970.

24 Ibid.

25 Interview with Bob and Jessie Bloom, Seattle, Sept. 1970

26 Nugget, "Special Souvenir Edition," 1 Nov. 1899, p. 23.

27 Ibid., p. 27.

28 Ibid., 31 Aug. 1898.

29 PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, file No. 492, SYT Company.

30 Nugget, 28 Sept. 1898.

31 DD News, 9 April 1900.

32 Nugget, "Special Souvenir Edition," 1 Nov. 1899, p. 25.

33 PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, file No. 3006, petition from First Avenue property holders, 13 April 1907.

34 DD News, midsummer edition, 1899, p. 8.

35 Ibid., 14 April 1900.

36 Mary E. Hitchcock, op. cit., p. 328.

37 DD News, 20 Oct 1899.

38 Nugget, 8 Oct. 1898.

39 Ibid., "Special Souvenir Edition," 1 Nov. 1899, pp. 27-28.

40 Letter to the author from Jessie Bloom, Seattle, 25 Sept. 1970.

41 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., p. 167.

42 Dawson Hardware Company, records, letterbook, 1903. In June 1903 J.S. Patton is sent out to the creeks as a company traveller.

43 Ibid., letterbook, 1903-40, series of undated notes and letters.

44 E. Tappan Adney, op. cit., p. 336.

45 DD News, 23 Nov. 1899.

46 Nevill Alexander Drummond Armstrong, Yukon Yesterdays: Thirty Years of Adventure on the Klondike, Personal Memories of the Famous Klondike Gold Rush, First-Hand Accounts of Lucky Strikes, Stories of Dawson in the Wild 'Nineties, Together With Adventures in Mining, Exploring and Big-Game Hunting in the Unknown Sub-Arctic (London: J. Long, 1936), p. 39.

47 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., pp. 92, 99.

48 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., pp. 204-5.

49 Julius Price, op. cit., p. 181

50 PAC, MG27, II, B, Minto Papers, H.G. Graham, op. cit., pp. 149-50.

51 Ibid.

52 DD News, 29 Aug. 1900.

53 Ibid., 28 Aug. 1900.

54 Ibid., 2 Jan. 1902.

55 Ibid., 8 Sept. 1902.

56 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18, No. 26 (July 1904), p. 46.

57 DD News, 23 April 1900.

58 Ibid., 25 Sept. 1899.

59 PAC, MG27, II, B, Minto Papers, Vol. 24, Yukon correspondence.

60 Polk, Directory 1902, p. 174; PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, file No. 2104, Dawson Board of Trade; PAC, MG30, I11, Woodside papers, Vol. 22, No. 2, memorabilia and clippings.

61 DD News, 29 Aug. 1900.

62 Ibid., 20 Oct. 1902.

63 Ibid., and ibid., 27 Oct. and 14 Nov. 1899.

64 Ibid., 18 Sept. 1902.

65 Ibid., 8 Dec. 1902.

66 Ibid., 17 Oct. 1899.

67 Laura Beatrice Berton, I Married the Klondike (Boston: Little, Brown [1954]), p. 52.

68 Letter to author from Jessie Bloom, Seattle, 25 Sept. 1970.

69 Interview with Bob and Jessie Bloom, Seattle, Sept. 1970.

70 Andrew Baird and Victoria A.B. Faulkner, "The Yukon," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa.

71 PAC, MG27, II, B1, H.G. Graham, op. cit., p. 124.

Satisfying the Sourdough Appetite

1 PAC, MG29, C19, A.R. Smith, op. cit., letterbook, letter from Sulphur Creek, Northwest Territories, 30 June 1898.

2 PAC, MG29, C24, diary of Charles Mosier, 1898; James Prendergast, "Ring Reminiscences," in the Charlottetown Guardian, 11 Oct. 1952.

3 Martha Louise Purdy Black, My Seventy Years, by Mrs. George Black As Told to Elizabeth Bailey Prince (London: T. Nelson and Sons, 1938), p. 110.

4 PAC, MG29, C19, A.R. Smith, op. cit., p. 19.

5 Stratford H.R.L. Tollemache, Reminiscences of the Yukon (London: Edward Arnold, 1912), pp. 43-44.

6 Private collection of Meredith Hayes, Montreal, letter of 4 April 1900, William [Hayes] to Meredith Hayes, London.

7 Richard Slobodin, "The Dawson Boys" — Peel River Indians and the Klondike Gold Rush," Polar Notes, No. 5 (June 1963), pp. 24-36.

8 Ibid., p. 28.

9 DD News, 17 May 1900. "Dawson Markets" was a weekly feature of this newspaper from 1900 to 1905.

10 James Prendergast, op. cit.

11 John W. Leonard, op. cit.

12 Sessional Papers, 1901, Vol. 35, No. 28A, App. D, Assistant Surgeon L.A. Paré, annual medical report of the N-WMP, Whitehorse, 1 Sept. 1900.

13 DD News, midsummer edition, 1899, p. 1.

14 Sessional Papers, 1900, Vol. 34, No. 15, App. G, report of Dr. J.W. Good, health officer, Dawson City, 26 Dec. 1899, p. 78.

15 John W. Leonard, op. cit., pp. 156-60.

16 Martha Louise Black, op. cit., p. 128, mentioning her letter home of 20 Nov. 1898.

17 PAC, MG29, C24, Charles Mosier, op. cit., 25 Dec. 1898.

18 Ibid., 24 Nov. 1898; PAC, MG29, C19, A.R. Smith, 24 Nov. 1898.

19 PAC, MG29, C6, Ella Hall, "Trip to the Klondike 1898," p. 29.

20 Michael MacGowan, op. cit., p. 119.

21 PAC, MG27, II, B1, H.G. Graham, op. cit., pp. 124-25.

22 Measurements taken from E.W. Gilbert "Imperial" baking powder tin, trademark registered 1887.

23 Laura Beatrice Berton, op. cit., p. 57.

24 PAC, MG29, C6, E. Hall, op. cit., p. 29.

25 Ibid., p. 30; Nugget, 13 Sept. 1899. According to the Nugget, "cheechako" potatoes were 25 cents per pound.

26 DD News, 29 May 1902.

27 Ibid., 11 Dec. 1902.

28 Canada. Board of Inquiry into the Cost of Living, Report of the Board (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1915) (hereafter cited as Canada, Board of Inquiry, Report), Vol. 1, pp. 678-705. Refrigeration engineers suggested that meat be stored for no more than 6 months, and eggs, poultry and butter be stored no more than 10 to 11 months (p. 694).

29 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 17, No. 46 (Nov. 1903), p. 16.

30 Canada, Board of Inquiry, Report, Vol. 1, p. 690.

31 DD News, 29 May 1902.

32 Martha Louise Black, op, cit., pp. 220-21.

33 Pierre Berton, op. cit., pp. 371-72.

34 DD News, 21 Aug. 1902.

35 Ibid., 17 Aug. 1899, and Nugget "Special Souvenir Edition," 1 Nov. 1899, p. 27.

36 DD News, 21 Aug.1902.

37 Lois Delano Kitchener, op. cit., p. 153.

38 PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, file No. 9934, information for year book, 1903-4, agricultural information, p. 7.

39 Ibid., file No. 1191, James A. Acklin to William Ogilvie, Commissioner of the Yukon Territory re agricultural experiments, 5 Sept. 1899.

40 Russell Arden Bankson, The Klondike Nugget (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1935), p. 176.

41 DD News, midsummer edition, 1899, p. 2.

42 PAC, Yukon Territorial Records, file No. 9934, op. cit., p. 6.

43 Ibid., p. 7

44 DD News, 12 June 1902. Ibid., 29 May 1902.

46 Sessional Papers, 1906, Vol. 40, No. 25, report of acting commissioner J.T. Lithgow on agricultural production, 22 Nov. 1906, p. 19.

47 Hannah Campbell, op. cit., p. 39, and Laurence A. Johnson, op. cit., p. 97.

48 DD News, 16 and 17 Dec. 1902.

49 PAC, MG30, I11, Woodside papers, Vol. 22, No. 3, Yukon memorabilia.

50 DD News, 5 and 15 July 1907.

51 S. Morley Wickett, op. cit., pp. 164-77, and F.C. Wade, op. cit., pp. 25-31.

52 Ibid., p. 30, and Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18, No. 19 (May 1904), p. 38; ibid., Vol. 19 (27 Jan. 1905), p. 30.

53 H.E. Stephenson, The Story of Advertising in Canada: A Chronicle of Fifty Years (Toronto: Ryerson [1940]), p. 36.

54 Laurence A. Johnson, op. cit., p. 98. The firm of Proctor and Gamble was one of the first to promote its products on a national basis in this way (1882-83).

55 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 14, No. 26 (June 1900), p. 32.

56 Ibid., Vol. 18, No. 2 (Jan. 1904), p. 11.

57 Dawson Hardware Company Museum, Dawson, Yukon Territory.

58 This and all subsequent references to the weights and measure of standard units and lots of goods comes from an extensive list published in the DD News, 22 March 1906.

59 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 12, No. 41 (Oct. 1898) and Vol. 17, No. 22 (May 1903), p. 43.

60 DD News, 6 July 1905.

61 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18, No. 20 (May 1904), p. 107.

62 Laurence A. Johnson, op. cit., p. 59.

63 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 12 (1898), passim.

64 F.C. Wade, op. cit., pp. 30-31.

65 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 19 (27 Jan. 1905), p. 30.

66 Ibid., Vol. 18 (14 Oct. 1904), pp. 47-48.

67 Ibid., Vol. 12, No. 1 (Jan. 1898), p. 11.

68 Laura Beatrice Berton, op. cit., p. 24.

69 Nugget, 20 May 1900.

70 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan. 1904), n.p.

71 The Grocer's Companion & Merchant's Handbook. Containing a Comprehensive Account of the Growth, Manufacture & Qualities of Every Article Sold by Grocers. Also, Tables of Weights and Measures and Information of a General Nature to Grocers and Country Merchants (Boston: New England Grocer Office, 1883), p. 34.

72 DD News, 9 April 1900.

73 Ibid., 10 June 1902.

74 W.S. Dill, The Long Day; Reminiscences of the Yukon (Ottawa: Graphic Publishers, 1926), p. 91.

75 Canadian Grocer, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Jan. 1898), p. 39.

76 DD News, 4 Jan. 1900.

77 Ibid., 13 Aug. 1901.

78 Ibid., 10 May 1900.

79 Nugget, 26 July 1899.

80 Laura Beatrice Berton, op. cit., p. 31.

81 William Seymour Edwards, op. cit., p. 129.

82 DD News, 20 Oct. 1899.

83 Ibid., 29 Jan. 1900.

84 Ibid., 17 April 1902.

Conclusion: The Well-Appointed Ghost Town

1 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 237.

2 DD News, 18 July 1907.

3 Ibid.

4 Laura Beatrice Berton, op. cit., p. 37.

S Other firms in this category are Alhert and Forsha, Avery's, J.E. Lilly and Company, grocers, and (of course) the NC and NAT&T companies.

6 Nugget, 6 Aug. 1899.

Appendix B

1 These sources include the following: 1, PAC, MG27, II, B1, Vol. 24, Minto Papers, Yukon correspondence; 2, Kathryn Winslow, op. cit.; 3, Martha Louise Black, op. cit.; 4, Mary E. Hitchcock, op. cit., and 5, a program for the Dawson Amateur Operatic Society's production of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta "H.M.S. Pinafore," 1902, on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa.

Appendix D

1 Harold A. Innis, op. cit., p. 255.

Appendix I

1 Nugget, 6 Nov. 1901, advertisement by NAT&T Company.

Appendix L

1 Reprinted from The Klondike Rush Through Edmonton, 1897-98 by James Grierson MacGregor, by permission of The Canadian Publishers, McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto.