Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 17

The Halifax Citadel, 1825-60: A Narrative and Structural History

by John Joseph Greenough

Selected Bibliography

Akins, Thomas Beamish
"History of Halifax City." Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol. 8 (1892-94). Halifax.

Baker, Raymond F
"The Early Citadels at Halifax," Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Ottawa, 1966.

Bourne, Kenneth
Britain and the Balance of Power in British North America, 1815-1908. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967.

Burgoyne, Sir John Fox
"Memorandum on the Increased Power of Breaching to be Obtained by the use of Rifled Ordnance." Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, n.s., Vol. 10 (1861), pp. 1-7. Chatham.

The Military Opinions of General Sir John Fox Burgoyne, Ed. Capt. George Wrottesley, R. Bentley, London, 1859.

Canada. Department of Indian and Northern Affairs. National Historic Parks and Sites Branch.
"Report on Restoration of the Halifax Citadel (Fort George) Prepared at the Request of the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences," Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Ottawa, 1950.

Canada. Public Archives.
MG12, B, WO44, War Office Papers. Ordnance Office In-Letters, 1812-55, Vols. 198-238, Nova Scotia, 1852-55.

MG12, B, WO55, War Office Papers, Ordnance Miscellanea, especially Vols. 862-87, Engineer Papers, 1825-56, and Vol. 1558, sections 5, 6 and 7.

RG8, 1, C series, British Military and Naval Records, especially Vols. 1338-47, Military Correspondence, Nova Scotia command, 1920-26; Vol. 1349, Military Secretary's confidential letterbook, Nova Scotia command, 1851-71; Vol. 1348A, confidential letterbooks, Nova Scotia command, 1862-90; Vols. 1355-71, Military Correspondence, Nova Scotia command, 1827-70; Vols. 1376-84, Military Correspondence, Halifax command, 1862-70; Vols. 1429-31 letterbook, Royal Engineers office, Halifax, 1855-65; Vols. 1435-7, letterbooks, Royal Engineers office, Halifax, letters to the Inspector General of Fortifications, 1857- 66; Vol. 1444, reports and estimates, Royal Engineers office, Halifax, 1842-49; Vol. 1445, special estimates and abstracts of annual estimates, 1840-65; Vol. 1447, letterbook, letters relating to land; Vol. 1448, Land Book, Royal Engineers Office, Halifax, 1837-73; Vol. 1449, memoranda relating to tenders, 1857-64; Vols. 1527-8, letters from England, Halifax, 1849-57; Vols. 1648-9, Fortifications, English letters, Nova Scotia command, 1858-63; Vols. 1650-1, Fortifications, local letters, Nova Scotia command, 1858-65; Vol. 1653, Fortifications and barracks estimates, 1843-44; Vol. 1653A, Fortifications and civil buildings estimates, 1859-70; Vol. 1654, inspectional report, 1962-63; Vol. 1655, letters from England, 1866-67; Vol. 1823, War department lands in Nova Scotia, 1855-64; Vol. 1825, Royal Engineers, Halifax and out-stations, letters received, 1847-51; Vols. 1839-40, letters from the Ordnance department, 1850-56.

RG8, II, Ordnance records, especially Vols. 6, parts 1 and 2, commissioners' report, 1825 (Smyth Report); Vol. 18, commissioners' report on the defence of Canada, 1862; Vol. 20, Jervois report on the defence of Canada, 1864; Vol. 86, Jervois report on the defence of British naval stations in North America, 1864.

Clode, Charles Mathew
Military Forces of the Crown: Their Administration and Government. John Murray, London, 1869. 2 vols.

Coleman, Karalee
"Excavation Report; Halifax Citadel Moat, Site 28." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Ottawa, 1965.

Cruikshank, Ernest Alexander
Inventory of Military Documents in the Canadian Archives. King's Printer, Ottawa, 1910.

Dictionary of Canadian Biography
University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1966—. Vol. 10 (1871-80).

Dictionary of National Biography
Ed. Leslie Stephen, Smith Elder, London, 1885-1900. 58 vols. Vols. 11 and 14.

Douglas, Sir Howard
Observations on Modern Systems of Fortifications Including that Proposed by M. Carnot, and a Comparison of the Polygonal with the Bastion System; to which are added, Some Reflections on Intrenched Positions, and a Tract on the Naval, Littoral, and Internal Defence of England. John Murray, London. 1859.

Duncan, Francis
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. Compiled from the Original Records. John Murray, London, 1879. 2 vols.

Edwards, R. F., comp. and ed.
Roll of Officers of the Corps of Royal Engineers from 1660 to 1898. Compiled from the Ms Rolls of the Late Captain T. W. J. Connolly, R.E. and Brought Up to Date in the Office of the R.E. Institute, Chatham. Royal Engineers Institute, Chatham, 1898.

Forbes, Archibald
A History of the Army Ordnance Services. Medici Society, London, 1929. 3 vols.

Fortescue, John William
A History of the British Army. 2d ed. Macmillan, London and New York, 1910. 13 vols.

Graham, Gerald S.
Empire of the North Atlantic: The Maritime Struggle for North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1950.

Great Britain. Army. Corps of Royal Engineers.
Aide-Memoire to the Military Sciences. Framed from Contributions of Officers of the Different Services. J. Weale, London, 1846-52. 6 vols.

Corps Papers, and Memoirs on Military Subjects; Compiled from Contributions of the Officers of the Royal Engineers and the East India Company's Engineers. 3rd Series. J. Weale, London, 1849-50.

Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers. 2d ed. J. Weale, London, 1844. 10 vols.

Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, n.s. J. Weale, London and Woolwich, 1851-76. 23 vols.

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, Journals.
Journals of the House of Commons. 1828, Vol. 83. H.M.S.O., London, 1828.

Great Britain. Parliament. Parliamentary Debates.
The Parliamentary Debates; Forming a Continuation of the Work Entitled "The Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803," T. Hansard, London, 1803-47.

Great Britain. Parliament. Parliamentary Papers.
Reports from Committees. . . ., 1828, Vol. 5. H.M.S.O., London, 1828.

Great Britain. Public Record Office.
WO47, minute books of the Board of Ordnance, Vols. 1434 and 1530; WO49, accounts, Vol. 2, part 1.

Haliburton, Thomas Chandler
An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia in Two Volumes. J. Howe, Halifax, 1829.

Hamilton, C. F.
"Defense, 1812-1912." in Adam Shortt and Sir Arthur George Doughty, eds., Canada and its Provinces: A History of the Canadian People and Their Institutions, by One Hundred Associates, Vol. 7, pp. 379-471. Edinburgh University Press for the Publishers' Association of Canada. Toronto, 1913-15. 23 vols.

Harvey, D. C.
"Halifax, 1749-1949," Canadian Geographical Journal, Vol. 38 (1949), pp. 6-37. Ottawa.

Headlam, John Emerson Wharton and Sir Charles Callwell
History of the Royal Artillery, Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich [1931-40]. 3 vols.

Hitsman, John Mackay
Safeguarding Canada, 1763-1871. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1968.

Hughes, Basil Perronet
British Smooth-Bore Artillery: The Mussle-Loading Artillery of the 18th and 19th Centuries, Arms and Armour Press, London, 1969.

Jervois, William Francis Drummond
"Observations Relating to the Works in Progress and Proposed for the Defence of the Naval Ports, Arsenals and Dockyards," Papers on Subjects Relating to the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, n.s., Vol. 9 (1860), pp. 129-36. Chatham.

Jebb, Sir Joshua
Practical Treatise on Strengthening and Defending Outposts, Villages, Houses, Bridges, etc., in Reference to the Duties of Officers in Command of Picquets, as Laid Down in the Field Exercise and Evolutions of the Army by [J.] Jebb. 5th ed. William Clowes and Sons, London, 1857.

Lane, Richard B.
"Report of the Salvage Archaeology in the Area of the Redan During January and February of 1965." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Ottawa. 1965.

Longford, Elizabeth Harman Pakenham, Countess of
Wellington: Pillar of State. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1972.

Monroe, George
"Signal Mast, Halifax Citadel." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Ottawa, 1938.

Muller, John
A Treatise Containing the Elementary Part of Fortification, Regular and Irregular, With Remarks on the Construction of the Most Celebrated Authors. J. Nourse, London, 1746. Reprinted by Museum Restoration Service, Ottawa, 1968.

A Treatise of Artillery: . . . To Which is Prefixed an Introduction with a Theory of Powder Applied to Fire-Arms, 3rd ed. John Millan, Whitehall, 1780. Reprinted by Museum Restoration Service, Ottawa, 1965.

Nelson, Richard John
"Discussion and Project for an Enceinte." Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, n.s., Vol. 1 (1851), pp. 14-20. Chatham.

"Fragments of the Composition and Construction of Military Reports." Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, n.s., Vol. 7 (1858), pp. 73-80. Chatham.

"Syllabus of the Studies, Duties, &c., of an Officer of the Royal Engineers . . .," Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, n.s., Vol. 7 (1858), pp. 130-3. Chatham.

Nova Scotia. Public Archives.
Royal Engineer Papers, Nova Scotia Command, especially RE8 through RE13, letter books, English correspondence, 1826-58; RE17-23, Ordnance letters, 1824-58; RE24-7, numbered correspondence from the Fortifications department, 1826-55; RE28-33, local correspondence. 1826-55; RE54, Citadel correspondence, 1825-43; RE55, Citadel accounts, 1828-48; RE56, Citadel correspondence and estimates, 1835-47.

Oldfield, John
"Memorandum on the Use of Asphalte, Communicated by Col. Oldfield, Royal Engineers." Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, n.s., Vol. 3 (1853), pp. 132-48. London.

Philpotts, Henry
"Copy of a Report on the Demolition of the old Magazine in the Citadel of Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the 7th of April, 1847 . . ." Corps Papers, and Memoirs on Military Subjects, compiled from Contributions of the Officers of The Royal Engineers and the East India Company's Engineers, 3rd Series. Vol. 1 (1849-50), pp. 214-6. London.

Piers, Harry
The Evolution of the Halifax Fortress; 1749-1928. Rev. ed. Public Archives of Nova Scotia, Halifax, 1947.

Raddall, Thomas H.
Halifax: Warden of the North. McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1948.

Raudzens, George Karl
"The British Ordnance Department." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, 1970.

Reppingale, John
"Gun Equipment, Halifax Citadel." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Ottawa, n.d.

Rivington's Notes on Building Construction Arranged to Meet the Requirement of the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Cultural Education, South Kensington.
2d ed. Rivington's, London, 1889. 4 vols.

Ross, Archibald
"Report on the Siege Operations Carried on at Juliers in September 1860, for the Instruction of the Prussian Army, Especially with Reference to Rifled Guns." Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, n.s., Vol. 10 (1861), pp. 159-72. Chatham.

Rudyerd, C. W.
Course of Artillery at the Royal Military Academy as Established by His Grace the Duke of Richmond Master General of His Majesty's Ordnance &c. &c. &c. N.p., n.p., 1793. Reprinted by Museum Restoration Service, Ottawa, 1970.

Smyth, Sir James Carmichael
Precis of the Wars in Canada, from 1755 to the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. With Military and Political Reflections. Ed. Sir James Carmichael. Tinsley Brothers, London, 1862.

Stacey, Charles Perry
"Britain's Withdrawal from North America, 1864-71." Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 36 (1955), pp. 185-98. Toronto.

Canada and the British Army, 1846-1871: A Study in the Practice of Responsible Government, Longmans, Green, London and New York, 1936.

The Military Problems of Canada: A Survey of Defence Policies and Strategic Conditions Past and Present. Ryerson, Toronto, [1940].

Stokes, P. D.
"Report, Halifax Citadel Officers' Quarters Casemates." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Ottawa, n.d.

Straith, Hector
Introductory Essay to the Study of Fortification for young Officers of the Army. William Allen, London, 1857.

Talman, James J.
"A Secret Military Document, 1825." American Historical Review, Vol. 38 (1932-33), pp. 295-300.

The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics and Literature, for the year. . . .
J. Dodsley, London, 1758-19—. 81 vols. 1792, 1815, 1819-36.

The Royal Military Calendar, or Army Service and Commission Book. Containing the Services and Progress of Promotion of the Generals, Lieutenant Generals. Major-Generals, Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels, and Majors of the Army, According to Seniority: With Details of the Principal Military Events of the Last Century.
Ed. John Philippart, 3rd ed. A. J. Valphy (printer) and T. Egerton, London, 1820. 5 vols.

Tyler, H.
"Remarks on Fortifications; With Especial Reference to Rifled Weapons." Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, n.s., Vol. 9 (1860), pp. 85-107.

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of
Despatches, Correspondence, and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K. G., ed. by his Son, the Duke of Wellington, K. G. J. Murray, London, 1867-80. 8 vols.

Whitfield, Carol M.
"Desertion — That Disgraceful Crime: A Study of a Problem Affecting the British Army in North America, 1815-1865." Paper delivered to the Canadian Historical Association, 1974.

Wilson, A. E.
"Halifax Citadel: Tunnel at West Ravelin, Operation 288." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Ottawa, 1967.

"Salvage Excavation at Halifax Citadel, Tunnel at West Ravelin." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Ottawa, 1967.

Woodward, Llewellyn
The Age of Reform, 1815-1870. 2d ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1962.

Woods, Nicholas Augustus
The Prince of Wales in Canada and the United States. Bradbury and Evans, London, 1861.