Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 17

The Halifax Citadel, 1825-60: A Narrative and Structural History

by John Joseph Greenough

Endnotes

. . . we have nothing on Citadel Hill but a heap of ruins

1 Canada, Public Archives (hereafter cited as PAC), MG12, WO55, vol. 862, pp. 555-8, Arnold to Ellicombe, 16 Nov. 1824. In bastion fortification a perpendicular is an imaginary line which bisects the exterior length (i.e., the distance from salient to salient) of a side. It is used as an aid for determining, among other things, the lengths of the flanks. The length of the perpendicular is expressed as a fraction of the overall length of the side: perpendiculars of between 1/6 and 1/8 of the length are recommended in the textbooks. One of 1/12 was, therefore, a good deal shorter than the theoretical ideal. See, for example, John Muller, A Treatise Containing the Elementary Part of Fortification, Regular and Irregular, With Remarks on the Construction of the most Celebrated Authors (London: J. Nourse, 1746) (hereafter cited as Muller, A Treatise Containing the Elementary Part of Fortification), pp. 24-30.

2 For a more complete account of Straton's citadel, see Harry Piers, The Evolution of the Halifax Fortress; 1749-1928, rev. ed. (Halifax: Public Archives of Nova Scotia, 1847), and Raymond Baker, "The Early citadels at Halifax, 1799-1818: A Preliminary Study," Manuscript on file National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Ottawa.

3 National Historic Parks and Sites Branch files. Plans, Sections, etc. (hereafter cited as NHPS), plans 01-1800-1-1, 03-1800-1-3 and 28-1800-1-2.

4 PAC, MG12, WO55, vol. 862, pp. 555-8, Arnold to Ellicombe, 16 Nov. 1824.

5 All information in this paragraph on the early citadels is from H. Piers, op. cit., and R. Baker, op. cit.

6 PAC, MG12, WO55, vol. 864, pp. 524-7, Carmichael Smyth to Mann, 20 Sept. (?) 1827. General Morse had been chief engineer in America in the mid-1780s. He later became the first Inspector General of Fortifications (1802-11). He was also Smyth's father-in-law.

The Bureaucratic Process

1 For a full account of this period, see Kenneth Bourne, Britain and the Balance of Power in British North America, 1815-1908 (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1967), Ch. 1, passim.

2 The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics and Literature for the Year. . . (London: J. Dodsley, 1758-19—) (hereafter cited as Annual Register), 1792, 1815.

3 The actual figures for 1819 were:

In the following years, the figures for the army and navy continued to drop. The navy's revenue reached a low point of just over £4 million in 1836, and the army's stood at lust over £6 million in the same year. The Ordnance figures remained remarkably constant at around £1.5 million. See ibid., 1819-36.

4 K. Bourne, op. cit., p. 23.

5 Richmond to Bathurst, 21 Aug. 1818, cited in John McKay Hitsman, Safeguarding Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968), pp. 117-8.

6 Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Despatches, Correspondence, and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K. G., edited by his son, the Duke of Wellington, K. G. (London: J. Murray, 1867-80) (hereafter cited as Wellington, Despatches), vol. 1, p. 39, No. 16, Wellington to Bathurst, 13 Jan. 1819.

7 K. Bourne, op. cit., p. 36.

8 Ibid., pp. 36-7

9 Wellington, Despatches, vol. 2, p. 444, No. 466, Draft of Instructions to Ordnance Commission in North America, 11 April 1825.

10 Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 178-9. No. 92, Memorandum for the Earl of Liverpool recommending certain officers be made baronnets, 1821.

11 Ibid.

12 K. Bourne, op. cit., p. 38.

13 PAC, RG8, II, vol. 6, part 1 (and elsewhere), "Copy of a Report to His Grace the Duke of Wellington . . . Relative to His Majesty's North American Provinces by a Commission of which M. General Sir James Carmichael Smyth was President . . . 1825" (hereafter cited as Smyth Report): see also J. J. Talman, "A Secret Military Document, 1825," American Historical Review, vol. 38 (1932-33), pp. 295-300; and K. Bourne, op. cit., p. 39.

14 Wellington, Despatches, vol. 2, p. 272, No. 499, Wellington to Bathurst, 6 Dec. 1825.

15 Ibid., vol. 3, p. 79, No. 514, Memorandum on the Parliamentary grants for the works of defence in British North America, 31 Jan. 1826.

16 Ibid., p. 80, Sir Henry Hardinge (Clerk of the Ordnance), Memorandum on the works in North America, 17 Feb. 1828.

17 Ibid., p. 373, No. 586, Wellington to Smyth, 10 Aug. 1826.

18 Ibid., pp. 81-3, Lt. Col. Ellicombe, "Memorandum relative to the money required for works of defence and water communication in the Canadas," 1 March 1828.

19 Ibid.

20 Great Britain, Parliament, Parliamentary Debates, The Parliamentary Debates: Forming a Continuation of the Work Entitled "The Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803" (London: T. Hansard, 1828) (hereafter cited as Hansard), n.s., vol. 16, cols. 563-4, speech by Mr. Baring, 16 Feb. 1827.

21 Ibid., speech by Sir Henry Hardinge in reply to Baring.

22 Elizabeth Longford, Wellington: Pillar of State (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972), p. 144.

23 Llewellyn Woodward, The Age of Reform, 1815-1870, 2d ed. (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1962), p. 75.

24 Wellington. Despatches, Vol. 3, p. 79, No. 54, "Memorandum on the Parliamentary Grants for the Works of Defence in British North America," 31 Jan. 1826.

25 Great Britain, Parliament, Parliamentary Papers, Parliamentary Papers: Reports from Committees (London: H.M.S.O., 1828), Vol. 5, p. 403.

26 See "The Bureaucratic Process," n. 3, above.

27 Hansard, 3rd series, vol. 22, p. 609, speech by Lord John Russell, 24 March 1834

28 Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons. Journals, Journals of the House of Commons (London: H.M.S.O., 1828), Vol. 83, pp. 499-500, 690, 3 July 1828.

29 Ibid., p. 514.

30 Ibid.

31 Hansard, n.s., Vol. 19, col. 1631, speech by Mt. Fitzgerald, 7 July 1828.

32 Ibid., col. 1630, speech by Mr. Maberly.

33 Ibid., cols. 1631-2, Henry Labouchere.

34 Ibid., cols. 1635-7, Mr. Huskisson.

35 Ibid., col. 1635, Lord Howick.

36 Ibid., cols. 1638-40, Robert Peel.

37 Ibid., col. 1640, record of division.

38 Charles Perry Stacey, Canada and the British Army, 1846-1871: A Study in the Practice of Responsible Government (London: Longmans, Green, 1936), p. 28.

Colonel Nicolls's Citadel

1 R. F. Edwards, comp. and ed., Roll of Officers of the Corps of Royal Engineers from 1660 to 1898. Compiled from the Ms. Rolls of the late Captain T. W. J. Connolly, R. E. and brought up to date in the office of the R. E. Institute, Chatham (Chatham: Royal Engineers Institute. 1898), p. 13.

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, part 5, "Observations on the Defence of Nova Scotia, 1827," p. 19. Ironically this was sent after Wellington had left the Ordnance. One wonders what Lord Anglesea thought about this flattery of his predecessor.

3 Beresford was an ensign at Annapolis Royal between 1786 and 1790. See The Royal Military Calendar, or Army Service and Commission Book, Containing the Services and Progress of Promotion of the Generals, Lieutenant-Generals Major-Generals, Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels, and Majors of the Army, According to Seniority: With Details of the Principal Military Events of the Last Century, ed. John Philippart, 3rd ed. (London: T. Egerton, 1820), Vol. 2, p. 236.

4 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 867, p. 319, Nicolls to Mann, 30 March 1830.

5 Wellington, Despatches, Vol. 2, pp. 436-46, No. 466, Draft of instructions to Ordnance commission in North America, 11 April 1826.

6 PAC, RG8, II, Vol. 6, part 1, Smyth Report, pp. 120-1

7 PAC, WO55, Vol. 864, pp. 624-7, Smyth to Mann, 20 Sept. (?) 1827.

8 Sir James Carmichael Smyth, Precis of the Wars in Canada, from 1755 to the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, With Military and Political Reflections, ed. Sir James Carmichael (London: Tinsley Brothers, 1862), p. 216.

9 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, part 5, "Observations on the Defence of Nova Scotia, 1827," p. 21.

10 Great Britain, Army, Corps of Royal Engineers, Aide-Memoire to the Military Sciences, Framed from the Contributions of Officers of the Different Services (London: J. Weale, 1846-52), Vol. 1, p. 60.

11 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, part 5, "Observations on the Defence of Nova Scotia, 1827," p. 19.

12 PAC, RG8, II, Vol. 6, part 1, Smyth Report, para. 48.

13 Ibid., Appendix C.

14 Ibid., Appendix E.

15 Ibid., Appendix B. The commission estimated £160,000 "for the proposed citadel, for finishing the tower on Mauger's Beach: as also for completing Fort Charlotte." It is therefore impossible to find out the exact amount estimated for each work.

16 Nova Scotia, Public Archives (hereafter cited as PANS), RE54, pp. 1-5, Nicolls to Mann, 20 Dec. 1825, p. 2.

17 Ibid., pp. 6-11, "General Estimate of the expense of Reconstructing in Masonry . . . Fort George on Citadel Hill," 20 Dec. 1825.

18 Ibid., p. 6.

19 See National Historic Parks and Sites Branch (hereafter cited as NHPS) plan 01-1825-12-1.

20 See ibid., sections of plan 02-1825-12-2.

21 PANS, RE54, p. 3, Citadel covering letter.

22 Ibid., pp. 3-4.

23 Ibid.

24 Ibid., p. 4.

25 See NHPS, plan 01-1832-2-1.

26 See ibid., plans 03-1825-12-3 and 03-1825-12-4.

27 See ibid., plan 03-1825-12-3.

28 See ibid., plan 01-1825-12-1.

29 PANS, RE54, p. 5, Citadel covering letter.

30 Ibid., pp. 10-1, Citadel estimate, 1825.

31 Ibid., pp. 6-7.

32 Ibid., p. 4, Citadel covering letter.

33 Ibid., p. 5.

34 H. Piers, op. cit., p. 34.

35 PANS, RE54, p. 2, Citadel covering letter.

36 See NHPS, plan 02-1825-12-2, sections.

37 Ibid.

38 For a brief description of Vauban's escarps, see J. Muller, A Treatise Containing the Elementary Part of Fortifications, pp. 50ff.

". . . I now think I made a little too free with the Climate"

1 See George Karl Raudzens, "The British Ordnance Department in Canada, 1815-1855," Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1970: and Archibald Forbes, A History of the Army Ordnance Services (London: Medici Society, 1929).

2 PANS, RE24, No. 6, Ellicombe to Nicolls, 21 March 1826.

3 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 864, pp. 524-7, Smyth to Mann, 20 Sept. (?) 1827.

4 PANS, RE54, pp. 14-5, Mann to Lord Downes, 21 June 1828. Note that Mann submitted the scheme directly to the Master General's aide, thereby circumventing Byham. This is one of the few instances of such a procedure, and probably reflects Mann's seniority and the fact that Byham, a relative newcomer (he had been appointed in 1827), had not yet established himself securely.

5 Ibid., p. 15, Master General's minute, 15 July 1828.

6 Ibid., p. 13, Byham to Mann, 16 July 1828, M/897.

7 Ibid., p. 16, General Bryce's minute, 26 July 1828. Bryce's minute is unusual in that such suggestions were customarily made before the project was submitted to the board for approval. This also was probably a reflection of Mann's power.

8 PANS. RE54, pp. 17-20, Nicolls to Mann, 7 Oct. 1828.

9 Ibid., pp. 20-3, Nicolls to Mann, 7 Oct. 1828.

10 PANS, RE24, No. 87, Cornelius Mann to Nicolls, 14 Nov. 1828.

11 PANS, RE24, No. 92, C. Mann to Nicolls, 3 Dec. 1828, enclosing Byham to Bryce, 26 Nov. 1828 (E/1124), and Bryce to Byham, 18 Nov. 1828, the Master General's minute of 24 Nov. 1828 and one other letter. This is a good example of the manner in which letters granting formal authority for a course of action were composed and transmitted (see introduction to this chapter). Hereafter only the specific letters quoted in the text will be cited.

12 PANS, RE8, pp. 87-8, Nicolls to Mann, 22 Nov. 1828.

13 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, p. 70. Specifications for building a stone wall on Citadel Hill, 12 Nov. 1828.

14 Ibid., Vol. 877, No. 11, contract, 16 Dec. 1828.

15 Ibid., No. 12, contract, 22 Dec. 1828.

16 PANS. RE29, pp. 21-2, Harris to Nicolls, 4 April 1829.

17 Ibid., p. 33, Nicolls to Northcott, 4 May 1829.

18 Ibid., pp. 33-4, Nicolls to Harris, 5 May 1829.

19 Ibid., p. 35.

20 Ibid., pp. 26-8, Harris to Nicolls, 6 May 1829 and 30 May 1829.

21 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 866, p. 492, Nicolls to Mann, 24 June 1829.

22 PANS, RE8, pp. 97-8, Nicolls to Mann, 28 Aug. 1829.

23 PANS, RE29, pp. 37-8, Kelly to Damerum, 18 Aug. 1829.

24 Ibid., pp. 68-70, Nicolls to Roach, 21 Sept. 1829.

25 Ibid., p. 56, Damerum to Nicolls, 22 Sept. 1829.

26 Ibid., p. 55, Roach to Nicolls, 18 Sept. 1829.

27 Ibid., p. 94, Nicolls to Northcott, 10 Nov. 1829.

28 PANS, RE24, unpaginated, board order, 28 Jan. 1829, E/50.

29 PANS, BESS, unpaginated, Citadel accounts.

30 PANS, RE24, unpaginated, Bryce to Byham, 30 Jan. 1830; ibid., board order, 3 March 1830, E/113.

31 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, p. 71, "Specification for building a stone wall," 15 Oct. 1829.

32 Ibid., Vol. 887, p. 713, contract, 8 Dec. 1829.

33 Ibid., p. 714, contract, 19 Dec. 1828.

34 PANS, RE29, p. 107, Nicolls to Harris, 17 April 1830.

35 PANS, RE8, pp. 145-6, Nicolls to Bryce, 14 Aug. 1830.

36 PANS, RE55, unpaginated, Citadel accounts.

37 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 887, p. 715, contract, 4 Nov. 1830.

38 Ibid., p. 713, contract, 8 Nov. 1830.

39 PANS, RE8, pp. 168-9, No. 25, Respective Officers to Byham, 11 Nov. 1830.

40 Ibid.

41 Ibid., p. 167, Nicolls to Bryce, 12 Nov. 1830.

42 PANS, RE54, pp. 66-71, Nicolls to Bryce, 28 Jan. 1831.

43 PANS, RE8, pp. 176-7, Archibald to Nicolls, 24 Dec. 1830.

44 PANS, RE54, pp. 66-71, Nicolls to Bryce, 28 Jan. 1831.

45 Ibid.

46 PANS, RE18, pp. 126-9, Bryce to Byham, 30 Jan. 1831, and Ellicombe minute, 18 Feb. 1831.

47 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 868, p. 492, Nicolls to Ellicombe, 2 May 1831.

48 Ibid., pp. 486-8, 490-1, 496-8, Nicolls to Bryce, 2 May 1831, enclosing two estimates and three plans.

49 PANS, RE54, pp. 26-7, No. 202, Fanshawe to Nicolls, 29 June 1831.

50 PANS, RE55, unpaginated, Citadel accounts.

51 PANS, RE54, pp. 27-8, Nicolls to Bryce, 3 Sept. 1831.

52 Ibid., p. 28, Fanshawe to CRE, Nova Scotia, 1 Oct. 1831.

Truth and Consequences

1 PANS, RE8, unpaginated, Boteler to Bryce, 29 Oct. 1831.

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 869, pp. 473- 5, Boteler to Bryce, 14 Feb. 1832.

3 PANS, RE18, p. 160, Fanshawe to Boteler, 31 Dec. 1831, with enclosure.

4 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 869, pp. 473-5, Boteler to Bryce, 14 Feb. 1832.

5 ibid., p. 476, abstract of balances as of 31 Dec. 1831, signed by Boteler, 14 Feb. 1832.

6 Ibid., pp. 471-2, Bryce to Lt. Col. Cowper 28 March 1832.

7 Ibid., marginal comments by Sir James Kempt, 28 March 1832.

8 PANS, RE18, pp. 17-8, Fanshawe to Boteler, 30 March 1832, with enclosures.

9 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 869, p. 507, Fanshawe to Boteler, 4 April 1832.

10 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 227, pp. 232-7, "Observations on Lt. Col. Boteler's letter dated . . . 12 [actually 14] February 1832," signed by Nicolls, 21 July 1832.

11 PANS, RE9, p. 147, Boteler to Pilkington, 24 Jan. 1833.

12 PANS. RE8, p. 216, list of maps, surveys, plans, etc. belonging to the Royal Engineers department, Halifax, dated 28 Oct. 1831.

13 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 869, p. 514, Boteler to Bryce, 14 March 1832.

14 PANS. RE9, pp. 13-4, Boteler to Bryce, 14 April 1832: see also NHPS, plan 15-1832-4-1

15 PANS, RE54, pp. 46-7, No. 255, Fanshawe to Boteler, 2S May 1832.

16 The sketch has not survived.

17 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 869, p. 520, Boteler to Bryce, 4 Aug. 1832.

18 PANS, RE54, pp. 39-41, Boteler to Bryce, 12 April 1832.

19 PANS, RE18, p. 188, No. 252 (Fanshawe to Boteler], 23 May 1832. "This communication written on the blank half-margin of Lt. Col. Boteler's letter of April 12th 1832 which was returned with it."

20 PANS, RE54, pp. 38-9, Ellicombe to Boteler, 14 April 1832.

21 PANS, RE18, pp. 195-9, No, 259, Fanshawe to Boteler, 4 July 1832, enclosing (among others) letter from Bryce to Byham, 8 Jan. 1832.

22 PANS, RE9, pp. 32-3. Boteler to Bryce, 9 Nov. 1832.

23 PANS, RE18, p. 150, No. 216, Fanshawe to CRE, Nova Scotia, 1 Oct. 1831.

24 PAC, MG12, WO55, pp. 510-3, Boteler to Bryce, 13 April 1832, with enclosures. See NHPS, plan 02-1832-4-2.

25 PANS, RE54, pp. 47-8, No. 256, Fanshawe to Boteler, 22 May 1832.

26 H. Piers, op. cit., p. 111.

27 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 870, p. 326, Byham to Pilkington, 24 April 1833.

28 Ibid., p. 330, Byham to Pilkington, 3 May 1833.

29 Ibid., p. 346, Byham to Pilkington, 28 May 1833.

30 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 277, pp. 288- 309, Boteler's first estimate for the completion of Fort George, signed by Lt. Wentworth, 12 June 1833.

31 Ibid., pp. 312-3, Report on Boteler's plan and estimates for the completion of Fort George, signed by Wentworth, 12 May 1833 (hereafter cited as Wentworth report).

32 Ibid.

33 Ibid., pp. 323-31, Boteler's second estimate, signed by Wentworth, 12 June 1833.

34 Ibid., pp. 312-3, Wentworth report.

35 Ibid., pp. 323-31, Boteler's second estimate, 12 June 1833.

36 Ibid., pp. 332-7, Boteler's third estimate, "Independent Estimate for the completion of Fort George . . ," signed by Wentworth, 12 June 1833.

37 PANS, RE54, pp. 51-7, Peake to Pilkington, 12 June 1833. This is the source for all subsequent quotations in this paragraph and the next.

38 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 227, pp. 339-56, Peake's first estimate, 12 June 1833.

39 Ibid., pp. 357-76, Peake's second estimate, 12 June 1833.

40 Ibid., pp. 377-96, Peake's third estimate, 12 June 1833.

41 Ibid., pp. 397-9, Peake's fourth estimate, 12 June 1833.

42 PANS, RE54, pp. 51-7, Peake to Pilkington, 12 June 1833.

43 PANS, RE55, unpaginated, Citadel accounts.

44 See in addition to the documents cited above (in notes 30-42) the following: PANS, RE9, p. 83, Peake to Pilkington, 12 June 1833 (covering letter); PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 870, p. 442, list of plans and estimates, 12 June 1833 (this merely lists plans, none of which has apparently survived); PAC, MG12 WO44, Vol. 227, pp. 318-9, Peake to Pilkington, 12 June 1833 (the second explanatory letter); and ibid., p. 320, Capt. River's report, 23 Sept. 1832.

Imbroglios

1 PANS, RE54, pp. 61-4, Jones to Pilkington, 15 March 1834. The estimate itself is in PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 227, pp. 248-92, "Estimate for the Completion of the Halifax Citadel," 15 March 1834. All subsequent quotations in this section are from this source.

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 871, p. 332, Byham to Pilkington, 14 May 1834, E/559.

3 PANS, RE54, pp. 136-8, Pilkington to Couper, 4 June 1834.

4 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 871, pp. 336-8, Byham to Pilkington, 27 June 1834, M/190.

5 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 277, pp. 228-30, Ellicombe to Byham, 3 July 1834.

6 PANS, RE54, pp. 75-6, Byham to Respective Officers, Halifax, 3 Nov. 1834, O/1790.

7 Ibid., pp. 76-7, Statement B.

8 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 227, pp. 205-17, Statement A.

9 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 872, p. 304, Jones to the Inspector General of Fortifications, 14 Jan, 1835, with enclosures.

10 Ibid., p. 308, Remarks on statement 0, 29 Dec. 1834

11 Ibid., p. 306, memorandum, 29 Dec. 1834.

12 Ibid., p. 307.

13 Ibid., pp. 308-9, Remarks on Statement B, 29 Dec. 1834.

14 Ibid., pp. 302-3, Respective Officers to Board, 10 March 1835, with enclosed memorandum.

15 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 227, pp. 195-6, Thomas to Byham, 17 July 1834.

16 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 872, pp. 291-2, Byham to Mulcaster, 19 Aug. 1835, E/710.

17 PANS, RE54, pp. 141-6, Mulcaster to Byham, 26 Aug. 1835.

18 Kempt was invoked as having been both a Master General and a governor of Nova Scotia, and therefore a very reliable authority.

19 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 872, p. 293, Butler to Mulcaster, 7 Sept. 1835, E/774.

20 PANS, RE19, p. 107, No. 376, Fanshawe to Jones, 23 Sept. 1835.

21 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 872, pp. 294-5, Butler to Mulcaster, 2S Oct. 1835. T/301.

22 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 227, pp. 130-2, memorandum on the Halifax Citadel, 3 Aug. 1835.

23 Ibid., pp. 132-5, precis of correspondence.

24 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 873, pp. 698-9, Jones to Mulcaster, 1 Feb. 1836; ibid., pp. 703-26, revised estimate, 1 Feb. 1836.

2S PANS, RE54, pp. 119-22, No. 399, Fanshawe to Jones, 19 July 1836, enclosing observations by Mr. Cram, same date.

26 Ibid., pp. 71-4, Nicolls to Jones, 23 Nov. 1835.

27 PANS, RE25, unpaginated, Nicolls to Mulcaster, 2 Dec. 1835.

28 Ibid., memorandum by Col. Jones, 16 Dec. 1835.

29 Ibid., observations Nos. 1 and 2 by Col. Nicolls and ibid., Nicolls to Mulcaster, all dated 13 Jan. 1836.

30 Ibid., explanatory statements Nos. 1 and 2 by Col. Jones, 30 April 1836.

31 Ibid., memorandum by Col. Jones, 16 Dec. 1835.

32 R. F. Edwards, op. cit., p. 13.

33 PANS, RE9, p. 174, Jones to Inspector General of Fortifications, 10 Oct. 1834.

34 PANS, RE25, unpaginated, Mulcaster to Byham, 12 March 1835.

35 PANS, RE9, p. 213, Jones to Mulcaster, 9 July 1835.

36 PANS, RE19, p. 101, No, 375, Ellicombe to Jones, 11 Aug. 1835.

37 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 872, pp. 294-5, Butler to Mulcaster, 25 Sept. 1835, T/301.

38 PANS, RE25, unpaginated, Byham to Mulcaster, 28 March 1836, E/235.

39 PANS, RE30, p. 99, Statement of unexpended balances to 31 March 1836 unsigned, dated 8 April 1836.

40 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 277, pp. 116-7, Jones to Mulcaster, 19 Aug. 1836.

41 Ibid., p. 116, Ellicombe minute dated 17 Sept. 1836 on margin of Jone's letter of 19 Aug. 1836.

42 PANS, RE19, p. 206, Butler to Mulcaster, 23 Sept. 1836, E/814.

43 Ibid., No, 404, Fanshawe to Jones, 30 Sept. 1836.

44 PANS, RE9, p. 265, Jones to Mulcaster, 12 Oct. 1836.

45 PANS, RE25, unpaginated, Byham to Mulcaster, 17 April 1837, E/277.

46 PANS, RE30, p. 109, unexpended balances, 31 March 1837.

47 PANS, RE25, unpaginated, Mulcaster to Byham, 6 July 1837.

48 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 873, pp. 633-4, memorandum of 6 July 1837, writer unidentified — presumably Mr. Cram.

49 PANS, RE25, unpaginated, Spearman to Byham, 30 Dec. 1837.

50 Ibid., memorandum by Mulcaster, 19 Jan. 1838.

51 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 873, p. 636, Spearman to Byham, 27 March 1838.

52 PANS, RE25, unpaginated, No. 436. Fanshawe to Jones, 4 April 1838, with enclosures.

53 PANS, RE9, p. 283, Jones to IGF, 13 Sept. 1837.

54 PANS, RE20, pp. 4-7, Mulcaster to Byham, 7 April 1838.

55 PANS, RE30, p. 121, unexpended balance to 31 March 1838, unsigned, dated 7 April 1838.

56 PANS, RE9, p. 305, Jones to IGF, 24 Sept. 1838.

57 PANS, RE25, unpaginated, Byham to Mulcaster, 10 April 1839, F/321.

58 PANS, RE31, p. 1, unexpended balance to 31 April 1839, signed by Jones, 18 April 1839.

59 Ibid., p. 36, unexpended balance to 31 April 1840, signed by Jones, 16 April 1840.

60 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1839, pp. 14-7, Mulcaster to Byham, 31 March 1840.

61 Ibid., p. 8. No, 496, Ellicombe to Jones, 22 April 1840.

Colonel Calder Revises

1 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1839, pp. 96-7, No. 556, Matson to Jones, 19 Nov. 1841.

2 PANS, RE8, p. 99, Jones to Ellicombe, 11 March 1842.

3 PANS, RE55, unpaginated, Citadel accounts. This account of the state of the work is based on Capt. Wentworth's balance sheet of the sums expended on the items of the revised estimate, dated 6 Oct. 1840, and on a similar unsigned balance sheet showing expenditures to the end of 1841.

4 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 877, p. 700 and ibid., Vol. 878, p. 512, quarterly reports dated 3 May 1842 and 28 Feb. 1843.

S PANS, RE54, p. 152, No, 581, Fanshawe to Calder, 19 Sept. 1842, enclosing Howlet memorandum.

6 Ibid., p. 155, Calder to IGF, 15 Oct. 1842.

7 Ibid., p. 153. Calder to IGF, 15 Sept. 1842.

8 Ibid., pp. 157-60, No. 1, Calder to IGF, 6 Jan. 1843.

9 PANS, RE10, p. 178, list attached to this copy of the above letter.

10 PANS, RE54, pp. 164-6, Jones to IGF, 1 March 1843.

11 Ibid., pp. 162-4, Matson to Calder, 3 March 1843.

12 PANS, RE31, p. 100, Calder to Hewitson (Deputy Commissary General) 24 April 1843.

13 Ibid., p. 62, Hewitson to Calder, 26 April 1843.

14 Ibid., p. 64, Child to Calder, 27 April 1843.

15 Ibid., p. 63, Jackson to Calder, 27 April 1843.

16 Ibid., p. 65, Ince to Calder, 29 April 1843.

17 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 878, pp. 514-22, estimate of alterations and renewals, 22 May 1843.

18 PANS, RE54, p. 169, Statement No. 1, 22 May 1843.

19 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, Mulcaster to Byham, 1 July 1843.

20 Ibid., Byham to Mulcaster, 12 July 1843, E/1889.

21 Ibid., No, 628, Matson to Calder, 18 July 1843.

22 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 880, pp. 935-58, supplementary report and estimate, 31 March 1846.

23 Ibid., pp. 932-4, No. 140, Calder to IGF, 31 March 1846.

24 PANS, RE25, unpaginated, remarks of the IGF, 28 April 1846.

25 PANS, RE11, p. 101, list of armament, 21 July 1846.

26 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 880, pp. 978-99, supplementary report and estimate (undated).

27 Ibid., pp. 1019-24, No. 155, Calder to IGF, 21 July 1846, enclosing "Replies to the Inspector General of Fortifications remarks . . . dated 31 March 1846." A copy of the list of the proposed armament maybe found in PANS, RE9, p. 101.

28 PANS, RE26, unpaginated, No. 809, Fanshawe to Calder, 15 Sept. 1846.

29 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 880, p. 914, Director General of Artillery to the IGF, 15 Sept. 1846.

30 Ibid., pp. 912-3, Butler (for Byham) to Burgoyne, 2 Oct. 1846, E/1457.

31 PANS, RE26, unpaginated, No. 813, Matson to Calder, 9 Oct. 1846.

32 The 13 are:

1: Nicolls original estimate (1825);
2-4: Boteler's three estimates (1832):
5-8: Peake's four estimates (1832-33);
9-10: Jones's first and second versions;
of the revised estimate (1834-361:
11: Calder's estimate (1843);
12: Calder's 1846 estimate (first version):
13: Calder's revised 1846 estimate.

". . . the necessity of remedying the leakage...."

1 PANS, RE54, pp. 61-4, Jones to Pilkington, 15 March 1834.

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 878, pp. 528-9, Jones to Mulcaster, 9 Aug. 1842.

3 Ibid., Vol. 877, pp. 707-8, Calder to Mulcaster, 12 July 1842.

4 Ibid., Vol. 878, pp. 515-6, 518-9, "Estimate for Alterations and Renewals," 22 May 1843, items 1, 2 and 6.

5 Ibid., pp. 525-6, No. 17, Calder to Mulcaster, 10 June 1843.

6 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, No. 635, Fanshawe to Calder, 26 Aug. 1843.

7 See, for example, ibid.," Report and Estimate of works . . . to be carried on at the citadel, 1847-8," n.d.

8 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 880, pp. 935- 58, "Supplementary Report and Estimate," 31 March 1846, item 6.

9 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, No. 792, Mulcaster minute of 28 April 1846, enclosed in letter of Matson to Calder, 6 May 1846.

10 PANS, RE26, unpaginated, undated draft of Calder's reply in margin of No. 792, 6 May 1846.

11 PANS, RE11, pp. 254-7, No. 234, Calder to Burgoyne, 5 Feb. 1848.

12 Ibid.

13 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 882, pp. 477-80, "Special Estimate," 5 Feb. 1848.

14 Ibid., p. 478, surveyor's memorandum, 11 March 1848

15 Ibid., p. 477, draft letter, n.d.

16 PANS. RE22, pp. 51-6, No. 900, Matson to Calder, 27 March 1848, enclosing Oldfield to Burgoyne, 23 March 1848 and memorandum of 22 March 1848.

17 PANS, RE11, pp. 272-5, No. 249, Calder to Burgoyne, 2 May 1848.

18 PANS, RE22, p. 62, No. 909, Matson to Calder, 23 May 1848.

19 PANS, RE11, p. 280, Calder to Holloway, 19 June 1848.

20 Ibid., p. 290, Calder to Burgoyne, 21 July 1848.

21 PANS, RE32, p. 44, Bazelgette to Savage, 5 July 1848.

22 Ibid., p. 84, Savage to Bazelgette, 7 Aug. 1848.

23 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1825, p. 160, Crutchley to Savage, 14 Aug. 1848.

24 PANS, RE22, p. 81, No. 934, Fanshawe to Savage, 28 Oct. 1848.

25 PANS, RE1 1, p. 333, No. 272, Savage to Burgoyne, 25 Oct. 1848.

26 PANS, RE22, pp. 66-8, Holloway to Calder, 19 July 1848.

27 Ibid., pp. 82-3, Calder to Burgoyne, 24 Oct. 1848.

28 Ibid., pp. 91-2, No. 942, Fanshawe to Savage, 29 Nov. 1848.

29 PANS, RE12, pp. 12-28, No. 288, Savage to Burgoyne, 28 Dec. 1848.

30 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1825, pp. 108-19, Burmester to Savage, 30 Nov. 1848; also, PANS, RE12, pp. 12-28, Return A, signed by Burmester and Savage, 28 Dec. 1848.

31 Ibid., No. 288, Savage to Burgoyne, 28 Dec. 1848.

32 Ibid., p. 10, No. 286, Savage to Burgoyne, 22 Dec. 1848.

33 PAC, RG8, C series. Vol. 1825, p. 365, Ince to Savage. 26 Dec. 1848.

34 PANS, RE22, pp. 65-6, Robinson (Deputy Commissary General) to Savage, 27 Dec. 1848.

35 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1825, p. 360, Willis to Savage, 3 Jan. 1849, and ibid., pp. 263-4, Barrack Master to Savage, 29 Dec. 1848.

36 PANS, RE12, pp. 31-6, No. 292, Savage to Burgoyne, 9 Jan. 1849.

37 PANS, RE12, p. 114. Byham to Burgoyne, 24 Jan. 1849, S/18,

38 Ibid.

39 Ibid., p. 107, No. 955, Matson to Savage, 16 Jan. 1849.

40 PANS. RE12, pp. 70-2, No. 317, Savage to Burgoyne, 30 April 1949.

41 PANS, RE22, pp. 126-7, No. 974, Fanshawe to Savage, 29 March 1849, enclosing surveyor (Owen's) memorandum of 29 March 1849. A draft of Savage's reply (3 May 1849) is in the margin.

42 Ibid., p. 134, No. 983, Matson to Savage, 2S May 1849, enclosing Burgoyne minute of 18 May 1849.

43 Ibid., p. 141, No. 985, Matson to Savage, 25 May 1849, enclosing Burgoyne minute of 22 May 1849.

44 John Oldfield, "Memorandum on the use of Asphalte," Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers (hereafter cited as Professional Papers), n.s., Vol. 3 (1853), pp. 132-48.

45 PANS, RE12, pp. 56-7, No. 309, Savage to Burgoyne, 5 March 1849.

46 PANS, RE22, p. 128, No. 975, Fanshawe to Savage, 30 March 1849.

47 Ibid., pp. 135-6, Burgoyne minute of 9 May 1849 and demand of stores, 5 May 1849.

48 Ibid., pp. 137-9, memorandum of 8 May 1849, signed by John Owen (Surveyor of the Ordnance) and memorandum of 5 May 1849, signed by James McCutchon (for the surveyor).

49 Ibid., p. 135, Byham to Burgoyne, 5 May 1849, E/839.

50 Ibid., pp. 135-6, No. 984, part 1, Matson to Savage, 2S May 1849, enclosing letters of permission; and ibid., pp. 137-40, No. 984, part 2, Fanshawe to Savage, 25 May 1849, enclosing the surveyor's memoranda.

51 Rivington's Notes on Building Construction Arranged to Meet the Requirements of the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Cultural Education, South Kensington. 2d ed. (London; Rivington's, 1889), Vol. 3, p. 251.

52 PANS, RE22, p. 136, demand of stores, 5 May 1849.

53 Ibid., pp. 142-3, Burgoyne to Byham, 9 May 1849.

S4 Ibid., pp. 141-2.

55 Ibid., p. 140, Byham to Burgoyne, 22 May 1849.

56 Ibid., pp. 142-8, No. 988, Matson to Savage, 1 June 1849.

57 PANS, RE12, p. 88, No. 329, Savage to Burgoyne, 21 June 1849.

58 Ibid., p. 101, No. 344, Savage to Burgoyne, 2 July 1849.

59 Ibid., p. 105, No. 348, Savage to Burgoyne, 13 Aug. 1849.

60 Ibid., pp. 162-3, No. 394, Savage to Burgoyne, 16 May 1850.

61 Ibid.

62 PANS, RE22, pp. 158-60, No. 1008, no signature, letter to Savage, 28 July 1849, enclosing surveyor's memorandum of 27 July 1849.

63 Ibid.

64 Ibid. Savage's responses, dated 10 Oct. 1849, are in the margin of this copy of the letter.

65 PANS, RE12, p. 168, No. 480, Savage to Burgoyne, 26 June 1850.

66 PANS, RE22, pp. 1215-7, No. 1087, Matson to Savage, 4 June 1850, enclosing Owen's memorandum of 3 June 1850.

67 PANS, RE12, p. 172-5, No. 403, Savage to Burgoyne, 4 July 1850.

68 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, pp. 6-9, abstract of Ordnance annual estimate, 1851-52, dated 19 Oct. 1850.

69 PANS, RE12, p. 195, No. 417, Savage to Burgoyne, 11 Oct. 1850.

70 PANS, RE22, pp. 232-3, No. 1116, Harding to Savage, 3 Dec. 1850, with enclosures.

71 PANS, RE12, p, 213, No. 428, Savage to Burgoyne, 24 Dec. 1850.

72 PANS, RE32, pp. 87-9. Foster (Deputy Ordnance Storekeeper, Trinidad) to Ince (Deputy Ordnance Storekeeper, Halifax), 21 Feb. 1850, with enclosures.

73 PANS, RE12, p. 214, No. 430, Savage to Burgoyne, 13 Jan. 1851.

74 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1839, pp. 335-6, No. 1124, Matson to Savage, 4 Feb. 1851.

75 PANS, RE12, p. 225, No. 437, Savage to Burgoyne, 14 Jan. 1851.

76 Ibid., pp. 216-9, No. 431, Savage to Burgoyne, 14 Jan. 1851.

77 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1839, p. 354. No, 1133, (unidentified) to Savage, 27 Feb. 1851.

78 PANS, RE12, p. 240, No. 443, Savage to Burgoyne, 9 July 1851.

79 Ibid., p. 251, No. 452, Savage to Burgoyne, 9 July 1851.

80 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, p. 14. Citadel new works return, unsigned, dated 3 Aug. 1851.

81 Ibid., pp. 12-13a, abstract of Ordnance annual estimate for 1852-53, dated 3 Aug. 1851.

82 Ibid., pp. 28-30, abstract of Ordnance annual estimate for 1853-54, dated 29 Sept. 1852.

83 PANS, RE12, p. 423, No. 544, Savage to Burgoyne, 12 May 1853.

84 PANS, RE23, p. 41, No. 1271, Matson to Savage, 30 May 1853, with enclosures.

85 PANS, RE12, p. 447, No. 559, Savage to Burgoyne, 16 Aug. 1853.

86 PANS, RE23, p. 51, No. 1286, Sandham to Savage, 12 Sept. 1853, with enclosures.

87 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, pp. 48-50, abstract of Ordnance annual estimate. 1854-55, n.d.

88 PANS, RE12, pp. 497-503, No. 594, Savage to Burgoyne, 12 June 1854, with enclosures.

89 Ibid.

90 Ibid.

91 Ibid.

. . . and keep your powder dry!"

1 Henry Philpotts, "Copy of a Report on the Demolition of the Old Magazine in the Citadel of Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the 7th of April 1847 . . .," Corps Papers, and Memoire on Military Subjects Compiled from the Contributions of the Officers of the Royal Engineers and the East India Company's Engineers (hereafter cited as Professional Papers), 3rd series. Vol. 1 (1849-50), pp. 214-6.

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 881, p. 847, No, 193, Calder to Burgoyne, 12 May 1847.

3 Ibid., Vol. 882, p. 485, Calder to Burgoyne, 11 April 1848.

4 Ibid., marginal notation.

5 PANS, RE11, pp. 276-7, No. 250, Calder to Burgoyne, 10 May 1848.

6 PANS, RE22, p. 63, No. 911, Matson to Calder, 25 May 1848.

7 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, revised estimate, 1836.

8 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1825, memorandum, 24 Nov. 1845, signed by Calder.

9 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, estimate of alterations and renewals, 22 May 1843.

10 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 881, pp. 858-9, No. 208, Calder to Burgoyne, 7 Aug. 1847.

11 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1444, pp. 374-81, estimate, n.d.

12 Ibid., Vol. 1839, pp. 168-9, No. 863, Fanshawe to Calder, 3 Sept. 1847.

13 PANS, RE11, p. 232, No. 223, Calder to Burgoyne, 15 Nov. 1847.

14 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 882, pp. 403-4, Secretary at War to Byham, 26 Jan. 1848.

15 Ibid., p. 402, Byham to Burgoyne, 2 Feb. 1848.

16 Ibid., Vol. 880, p. 913, armament proposed for Fort George, 21 July 1846.

17 Ibid., p. 914, Director General of Artillery to Burgoyne, 15 Sept. 1846.

18 Ibid., Vol. 883, p. 706, Gordon memorandum, n.d.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid., pp. 710-1, Gordon to Burgoyne, 11 June 1849.

21 Ibid., p. 705, Byham to Burgoyne, 23 June 1849, D/64.

22 PANS, RE12, p. 96, No. 339, Savage to Burgoyne, 23 July 1849.

23 PANS, RE32, p. 92, Director General of Artillery to Lt. Col. Willis (CRA), 13 March 1851.

24 Ibid., Willis to Savage, 25 April 1851.

25 PANS, RE33, p. 56, Fraser to Savage, 25 Jan. 1853.

26 Ibid., pp. 76-7, Savage to Fraser, 25 Jan, 1853.

27 PANS, RE12, p. 415, No. 545, Savage to Burgoyne, 23 April 1853.

28 PANS, RE23, p. 38, No. 1269, Matson to Savage, 27 May 1853.

29 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, pp. 48-50, abstract of Ordnance annual estimate, 1854-55, undated (presumably Sept. 1853).

30 PANS, RE33, p. 67, Ince to Savage, 19 Oct. 1852.

31 Ibid., Savage to Respective Officers, 23 Oct. 1852.

32 Ibid., p. 54, Respective Officers to Savage. 26 Oct. 1852.

33 PANS, RE12, pp. 380-1, No. 524, Savage to Burgoyne, 27 Oct. 1852.

34 PANS, RE23, p. 17, No. 1240, Matson to Savage, 25 Nov. 1853.

35 PANS, RE12, pp. 416-8, No. 546, Savage to Burgoyne, 23 April 1853.

36 Ibid.

37 PANS, RE23, p. 42, No. 12174, Matson to Savage, 4 June 1853, enclosing letter from Butler to Burgoyne, 30 May 1853, E/453, and Burgoyne minute, 12 May 1853.

38 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, pp. 48-50, abstract of Ordnance Annual Estimate, 1854-55, n.d.

39 PANS, RE27, p. 80, Harding to Butler, 14 Nov. 1853.

40 PANS, RE12, pp. 499-504, Lt. Parson's report, 13 Feb. 1854.

41 Ibid., memorandum by Lt. Col. Savage appended to the above, n.d.

42 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 887, pp. 434-5, special service estimate, 14 Sept. 1854.

43 PANS, RE46, p. 247, Poignard to IGF, 29 Sept. 1854, IGF/1116.

44 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, pp. 52-4, abstract of Ordnance annual estimate, 1855-56.

45 PANS, RE33, pp. 86-97, tabular statement, 27 Nov. 1954,

46 PANS, RE13, pp. 31-3, No. 627, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 17 Jan. 1855.

47 Ibid.

48 Ibid., p. 34, No. 628, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 30 Jan. 1855.

49 PANS, RE27, p. 117, Harding to Stotherd, 13 Feb. 1855.

50 PANS, RE33, pp. 98-9, Capt. Grain, Capt. Barry and Thomas Hanlin to Stotherd, 24 Feb. 1855.

51 Ibid., report by Capt. Barry and Capt. Grain.

52 PANS, RE13, pp. 43-5, No. 636, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 29 Feb. 1855.

53 PANS, RE27, unpaginated, Matson to Stotherd, 2 April 1955, and Harding minute of 17 March 1855.

54 PANS, RE13, pp. 60-1, No. 646, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 21 June 1855.

55 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, pp. 56-62, Citadel cavalier special estimate, 21 May 1855.

56 PANS, RE27, unpaginated, Laffin to Stotherd, 28 July 1855.

57 PANS, RE13, pp. 79-88, No. 660, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 26 Aug. 1955.

58 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, pp. 66-9, abstract of Ordnance annual estimate, 1856-57

59 PANS, RE13, pp. 95-105, No. 665, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 26 Sept. 1855.

60 Ibid., pp. 187ff., No. 723, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 17 July 1856, enclosing tabular statement dated 17 June 1856.

61 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, part 7, report of the committee on the state of the Citadel, 25 May 1856.

62 Ibid.

The Very Model of a Modern Major General

1 Charles M. Clode, The Military Forces of the Crown; their administration and government (London: John Murray, 1869), pp. 769-70. The other seven were the Secretary of State for the Home Department, the Treasury, the Army Medical Department, the Audit Office, the commissioners of the Chelsea Hospital, the Board of General Officers and the Paymaster General.

2 Francis Duncan, The History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Compiled from the Original Records (London; J. Murray, 1879), Vol. 1, p. 10.

3 Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 11, pp. 902-4.

4 Ibid., pp. 904-5.

5 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1348, pp. 46-8, Le Marchant to Secretary of State for War, 2 July 1955.

6 PANS, RE13, p. 60, No. 646, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 21 June 1855; PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, pp. 56-62, barracks special services, report and estimate. 21 June 1855.

7 PANS, RE27, unpaginated, Laffin to Stotherd, 28 July 1855, T/265.

8 PANS, RE13, p. 78, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 26 Aug. 1855.

9 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, pp. 66-9, abstract of Ordnance annual estimate, 1856-57, 22 Sept. 1855.

10 PANS, RE17, pp. 89-92, No. 662, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 22 Sept. 1855.

11 PANS, RE13, pp. 95-111, No. 665, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 26 Sept. 1955.

12 PANS, RE33, pp. 142-4, Thomas Le Marchant to Stotherd, 10 Oct. 1855.

13 PANS, RE33, pp. 189-204, Stotherd to Le Marchant, 22 Nov. 1855.

14 PANS, RE13, p. 118, No. 670, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 22 Nov. 1855.

15 PANS, RE23, p. 151, Burgoyne memorandum, 15 Dec. 1855.

16 Ibid., pp. 159-60, Matson to CRE, Nova Scotia, with enclosure.

17 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 887, p. 702, Thomas Le Marchant to Stotherd, 9 March 1855.

18 PANS, RE13, p. 51, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 13 March 1856.

19 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 887, pp. 703-16, contract specifications and contracts, 1828-30.

20 PANS, RE23, pp. 166-7, Burgoyne to Stotherd, 3 April 1856, with enclosures.

21 PANS, RE13, p. 167, No. 705, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 7 May 1856.

22 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, section 7, "Report of the Committee on the State of Citadel and Harbour Defences of Halifax, Nova Scotia," 5 May 1856.

23 Ibid., p. 68, Appendix.

24 Ibid., Appendix J.

25 Ibid., p. 69, Appendix K.

26 Ibid., pp. 66-7, Appendix H.

27 See above, "Truth and Consequences."

28 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, section 7, Appendix E.

29 Ibid.

30 Ibid., pp. 74-5, Appendix O.

31 PANS, RE13, p. 167, No. 705, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 7 May 1856.

Of Mr. McCully's Cow and Other Matters

1 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, p. 112, "New Works, To Accompany Ordnance Annual Estimate, 1858-9," signed by Col. Stotherd, n.d.

2 Ibid., Vol. 1435, pp. 10-1, No. 843, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 13 Dec. 1857.

3 Ibid., Vol. 1445, pp. 107-9, abstract of Ordnance annual estimate, 1958-59, 6 Oct. 1857.

4 Ibid., pp. 123-4, abstract of Ordnance annual estimate. 1859-60, 5 Oct. 1858.

5 Ibid., Vol. 1449, No. 9, Royal Engineer Department, Grass and Grazing, signed by Maj. Gen. Trollope, 12 April 1858.

6 Ibid., Vol. 1435, No. 918, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 16 June 1858.

7 Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. "Richard John Nelson (1803-77)".

8 Richard John Nelson, "Fragments of the Composition and Construction of Military Reports," Professional Papers. n.s., Vol. 7 (1958), pp. 73-80.

9 Idem, "Syllabus of the Studies, Duties, &c., of an Officer of the Royal Engineers . . ." in ibid., pp. 130-33.

10 Idem, "Discussion and Project for an Enciente," in ibid., Vol. 1 (1858), pp. 14-20.

11 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1435, pp. 147-8, No. 970, Nelson to Burgoyne, 14 Dec. 1858.

12 Ibid., pp. 151-3, No. 976, Nelson to Burgoyne, 14 Dec. 1858.

13 This plan has not been located.

14 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1435, pp. 160-1, No. 984, Nelson to Burgoyne, 30 Dec. 1858.

15 Ibid., pp. 177-8, No. 100, Nelson to Burgoyne, 23 Feb. 1869; ibid., pp. 191-2, Nelson to Burgoyne, 21 April 1959.

16 Ibid., p. 207, No. 1035, Nelson to Burgoyne, 24 June 1859.

17 Ibid., Vol. 1653A, pp. 166ff., Fortifications annual estimate, 1859-60, 29 Dec. 1858.

18 Ibid.

19 Ibid., Vol. 1449, pp. 79-80, "Schedule of Tenders . . . 15 April 1859," Interestingly, Neville offered only £16 3s. 9d. for the least, which had cost him £33 5s. 0d. the previous year. Perhaps he had found the land less useful than he expected, or possibly he had been harassed by Col. Nelson after the latter arrived in Halifax the previous fall.

20 Fordyce signed his letter as both Assistant Military Secretary and Assistant Quartermaster General. Apparently he acted in both roles, but it is the first which most concerns us. All correspondence between Nelson and Trollope was directed through him.

21 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1341, p. 388, Nelson to Fordyce, 18 April 1859.

22 Ibid., p. 387, Trollope to Secretary of State for War, 19 April 1859.

23 Ibid., Vol. 1447, pp. 12-3, summons, 7 June 1859.

24 Ibid., p. 17, Nelson to Fordyce, 19 July 1859.

25 Ibid., Vol. 1650, pp. 116-7, Fordyce to Nelson, 5 Aug. 1859.

26 This letter has not been located. The author has reconstructed the suggestions from Trollope's replies to them.

27 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1342, pp. 99-100, Trollope to Secretary of State for War, 15 Oct. 1859.

28 Ibid., Vol. 1447, pp. 63-4, Nelson to Ritchie, 17 Dec. 1859.

29 Ibid., Vol. 1342, p. 150, Ritchie to Nelson, 19 Dec. 1859.

30 Ibid., p. 149, Nelson to Fordyce, 20 Dec. 1859.

31 Ibid., pp. 146-7, Trollope to Secretary of State for War, 7 May 1860.

32 Ibid., Vol. 1650, pp. 169-70, Fordyce to Nelson, 7 May 1960.

33 Ibid., Vol. 1342, pp. 23-4, Nelson to Fordyce, 8 May 1860.

34 Ibid., pp. 227-9. Trollope to Secretary of State for War, 11 May 1860.

35 Ibid., Vol. 1435, pp. 307-8, No. 1121, Nelson to Burgoyne, 6 Aug. 1860.

36 Ibid., pp. 303-5, No. 1118, Nelson to Burgoyne, 12 Aug. 1860.

37 Ibid., Vol. 1663A, p. 236. Fortifications annual estimate, 1861-62, 24 Oct. 1860.

38 Ibid., Vol. 1436, pp. 45-9, No. 1155, Nelson to Burgoyne, 8 Jan. 1861.

39 Ibid., pp. 59-63, No. 1163, Nelson to Burgoyne, 6 Feb. 1861.

40 Ibid., pp. 245-6, No. 1265, Westmacott to Burgoyne, 13 May 1862.

41 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1653A, pp. 305-9, Fortifications annual estimate, 1862-63, n.d.

42 Ibid., pp. 320-77, Fortifications, lands and military store buildings annual estimate, 1864-65, 4 Jan. 1864.

43 Ibid., Vol. 1436, No. 1210, Dawson to Burgoyne, 25 July 1861.

44 Ibid., Vol. 1447, Nelson to Ritchie, 29 June 1861.

Epilogue

1 PAC, RG8, C series. Vol. 1435, pp. 318-20, report of Cols. Nelson and Benn, 17 Aug. 1960.

2 Ibid., Vol. 1342, pp. 289-90, Trollope to Adjutant General, 25 Aug. 1960.

3 Nicholas Augustus Woods, The Prince of Wales in Canada and the United States (London: Bradbury and Evans, 1861), p. 30.

4 Whitworth Porter. History of the Corps of Royal Engineers (London: Longmans, Green, 1889), Vol. 2, p. 217.

5 Basil Perronet Hughes, British Smooth Bore Artillery: The Muzzle-Loading Artillery of the 18th and 19th Centuries (London; Arms and Armour Press, 1969), p. 30.

6 J. E. W. Headlam and Sir Charles Carrwell, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery (Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1931-40), Vol. 1, pp. 143-4.

7 H. Tyler, "Remarks on Fortification: with Especial Reference to Rifled Weapons," Professional Papers, n.s., Vol. 9 (1860), p. 95.

8 W. F. D. Jervois, "Observations Relating to the Works in Progress and Proposed for the Defence of the Naval Ports, Arsenals and Dockyards," in ibid., pp. 129-39.

9 John Fox Burgoyne, "Memorandum on the Increased Power of Breaching to be Obtained by the use of Rifled Ordnance." in ibid., Vol. 10 (1861), pp. 1-7.

10 Lt. Col. Ross, "Report on the Siege Operations Carried on at Juliers in September 1860, for an Instruction of the Prussian Army, Especially with reference to the effects of Rifled Guns," in ibid., pp. 159-69.

Appendix C: Cavalier

1 NHPS, plan 03-1825-12-3.

2 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Revised Estimate for completing Halifax Citadel," 2 Feb. 1836.

3 PANS, RE54, pp. 61-4, Jones to Pilkington, 15 March 1834.

4 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Estimate of the Alterations and Renewals for the Citadel . . .," 22 May 1843.

5 Ibid., item 8, and NHPS, plan 03-1843-5-5.

6 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Supplementary Report and Estimate of Works . . .," 31 March 1846, item 9, and NHPS, plan 03-1846-3-11.

7 PANS, RE33, pp. 86-97, tabular statement, 27 Nov. 1854, and PANS, RE13, pp. 187 ff., No. 723, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 17 July 1856, enclosing tabular statement dated 17 June 1956.

8 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1445, pp. 56-62, "Report and Estimate for roofing over the Cavalier . . .," 21 June 1855, and NHPS, plans 03-1849-4-4 and 03-1855-6-1.

9 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, part 7, "Report of the Committee . . .," 5 May 1856.

10 Ibid., Vol. 887, fols. 434-5, "Report and Estimate for altering the position of the Stoves . . .," 14 Sept. 1854, and NHPS, plan 03-1854-9-1.

11 PANS, RE33, pp. 86-97, tabular statement, 27 Nov. 1854, and PANS, RE13, pp. 187 ff., No. 723, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 17 July 1856, enclosing tabular statement dated 17 June 1856.

Appendix D: Magazines

1 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 869, fols. 473-5, Boteler to Bryce, 14 Feb. 1832.

2 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 227, fols. 287 ff., "Estimates for the completion of Fort George . . .," 12 June 1833.

3 Ibid., fols. 323ff., "Comparative Estimate . . .," 12 June 1833.

4 Ibid., fols. 339 ff., "Estimate N^o 1 . . .," 12 June 1833.

5 Ibid., fols. 248 ff., "Estimate," 15 March 1834 and NHPS, plan 06-1834-3-6.

6 PANS, RE54, pp. 146-8, Pilkington to Couper, 4 June 1834.

7 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Revised Estimate for completing Halifax Citadel . . .," 2 Feb. 1836.

8 PANS, RE54, pp. 119-22, No. 399, Fanshawe to Jones, 14 July 1836.

9 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Revised Estimate for completing Halifax Citadel . . .," 2 Feb. 1836.

10 Ibid., "Estimate of the Alterations and Renewals for the Citadel . . .," 22 May 1843.

11 Ibid., and NHPS, plan 06-1843-5-2.

12 Ibid., "Supplementary Report and Estimate of Works . . .," 31 March 1846.

13 PANS, RE26, unpaginated, remarks of the IGF, 28 April 1846.

14 H. Philpotts, op. cit., pp. 214-6, and NHPS, plan 05-1847-4-1.

15 PANS, RE12, pp. 162-3, No. 394, Savage to Burgoyne, 16 May 1850.

16 PAC, MG12, C series. Vol. 1653A, pp. 622-3, civil buildings estimate, 1859-60, dated 16 Oct. 1858.

17 PANS, RE33, p. 67, Savage to Respective Officers, 23 Oct. 1852 and PANS, RE12, pp. 416-8, No. 546, Savage to Burgoyne, 23 April 1853.

18 NHPS, plan 06-1852-1-1.

19 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1653A, pp. 622-4, civil buildings estimate, 1859-60, 16 Oct. 1858, See also NHPS, plan 06-1858-8-1.

20 NHPS, plans 21-1902-8-1 and 8-3.

Appendix E: Casemates

1 NHPS, plan 01-1825-12-1.

2 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Revised Estimate . . .," 2 Feb. 1836.

3 Ibid., and NHPS, plan 04-1836-2-13.

4 PANS, RE54, pp. 157-60, Calder to IGF, 6 Jan. 1843.

5 Ibid., pp. 162-4, Matson to Calder, 3 March 1843.

6 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Estimate of the Alterations and Renewals . . .," 22 May 1843 and NHPS, plan 04-1843-5-1.

7 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Estimate of the Alterations and Renewals . . .," 22 May 1843, and NHPS, plan 04-1843-5-3.

8 NHPS, plans 04-1844-3-1 and 3-2.

9 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Report & Estimate of Works & Repairs . . . 1844-5," dated 20 Oct. 1843.

10 Ibid., "Supplementary Report and Estimate . . .," 31 March 1843.

11 Ibid., and NHPS, plans 08-1846-3-2 and 3-3.

12 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1825, pp. 108-19, report by Lt. Burmester, 30 Nov. 1848.

13 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Revised Estimate . . .," 2 Feb. 1836.

14 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 878, fols. 528-9, Jones to Mulcaster, 9 Aug. 1842.

15 Ibid., Vol. 877, fols. 707-8, Calder to Mulcaster, 12 July 1842.

16 PANS, RE11, pp. 254-7, Calder to Burgoyne, 5 Feb. 1848; PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 882, fols. 479-80, "Special Report and Estimate . . .," 5 Feb. 1848, and NHPS, plan 04-1848-2-1.

17 See, for example, PANS, RE22, pp. 51-6, No. 900, Matson to Calder, 27 March 1848, enclosing Oldfield to Burgoyne, 23 March 1848 and memorandum of 22 March 1848; ibid., p. 62, Matson to Calder, 23 May 1848.

18 NHPS, plan 04-1848-12-3.

19 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1825, pp. 108-19, report by Lt. Burmester, 30 Nov. 1849.

20 NHPS, plans 04-1848-12-2 and 12-3.

21 PAC, RG8, C series. Vol. 1825, No. 288, Savage to Burgoyne, 22 Dec. 1848.

22 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 883, fols. 843-54, "Special Estimate for Staunching the Casemates," 30 April 1849.

23 NHPS, plans 01-1849-4-2 and 4-3.

24 Rivington's Notes on Building Construction Arranged to Meet the Requirements of the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Cultural Education, South Kensington, 2d ed. (London: Rivington's, 1889), Vol. 3, pp. 251-2.

2S NHPS, plan 04-1854-6-i .

26 PANS, RE12, pp. 498-502, report by Lt. Parsons, 13 Feb. 1854.

27 PANS, RE33, pp. 86-97, tabular statement, 28 Nov. 1854.

28 PANS, RE13, pp. 187 ff., No. 723, Stotherd to Burgoyne, 17 July 1856, enclosing tabular statement dated 17 July 1856.

29 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1449, pp. 271-80, abstract of barracks annual estimate, 1863-64, dated 25 Dec. 1862.

30 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 887, fols. 656-8, "Report and Estimate . . .," 15 Jan. 1856, and NHPS, plan 04-1856-1-1.

31 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1653A, pp. 164-230, fortifications annual estimate, dated 29 Dec. 1859, and NHPS, plan 04-1859-11-1.

32 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1653A, pp. 164-230, civil buildings annual estimate, 1862-63, dated 18 Nov. 1861, and NHPS, plan 07-1861-11-1.

Appendix F: Drainage

1 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Supplementary Report and Estimate of Works . . .," 31 March t846.

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 873, fols. 637-77, "Revised Estimate . . . ." Feb. 1836, and NHPS, plan 28-1836-2-3.

3 Ibid.

4 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Supplementary Report and Estimate . . .," 31 March 1846, and NHPS, plan 04-1849-4-1.

5 Ibid.

6 NHPS, plan 28-1846-3-10.

7 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 883, fols. 843-54, "Special Estimate for Staunching the Casemates . . .," 30 April 1849.

8 Ibid.

9 NHPS, plans 01-1849-4-1, 4-2 and 4-3.

10 NHPS, plans 12-0003-13-2 and 12-1891-2-1.

11 NHPS, plan 01-1858-8-3.

12 Harry Piers, op. cit., p. 42, n. 5, and NHPS, plan 01-1891-11-1.

13 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, part 7, "Report of Committee on state of the Citadel . . .," 5 May 1856.

14 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1346, pp. 386-8. Burnaby to AQMG, 1 Sept. 1869.

15 NHPS, plan 15-1838-13-1.

16 NHPS, plan 04-1856-1-1.

17 NHPS, plan 01-1858-8-2.

Appendix G: Walls

1 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1559, part 7, "Observations on the Defence of Nova Scotia," App. L.

2 Ibid., App. L, M and N.

3 Ibid., App. N; PANS, RE8, pp. 169-9, Respective Officers to Byham, 11 Nov. 1830.

4 PANS, RE54, pp. 67-71, Nicolls to Bryce, 28 Jan. 1831.

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid., pp. 27-8. Nicolls to Bryce, 3 Sept. 1931.

7 NHPS, plan 13-1832-2-6, detail.

8 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Revised Estimate for Completing Halifax Citadel . . .," 2 Feb. 1836.

9 Ibid., "Estimate of Alterations and Renewals . . .," 22 May 1843.

10 Ibid., and NHPS, plan 04-1843-5-1.

11 PANS, RE33, p. 99, report of Capts. Barry and Grain, 24 Feb. 1855.

12 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, part 7, "Observations on the Defence of Nova Scotia," 1856.

13 John Joseph Greenough, "The Halifax Citadel, 1825-60: A Narrative and Structural History," Manuscript Report Series. No. 154, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, Part 2. Fig. 69.

14 NHPS, plan 15-1832-4-1.

15 NHPS, plan 01-1832-2-1.

16 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 869, fols. 473-5, Boteler to Bryce, 14 Feb. 1932.

17 Ibid., fol. 514, Boteler to Bryce, 13 March 1832.

18 Ibid., and NHPS, plan 15-1932-4-1.

19 NHPS, plan 15-1832-5-1.

20 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 869, fol. 520, Boteler to Bryce, 4 Aug. 1832.

21 NHPS, plan 15-1839-13-1.

22 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 227, fols. 287-309, "N^o 1 Estimate for the completion of Fort George . . .," 12 June 1833.

23 Ibid., fols. 323-31, "N^o 2 Comparative Estimates . . .," 12 June 1933.

24 Ibid., fols. 339-56, "Estimate N^o 1 . . .," 12 June 1833.

25 Ibid., fols. 248-92, "Estimate for Completion . . .," 15 March 1834; PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 873, fols. 637-77, "Revised Estimate . . .," 2 Feb. 1836.

26 NHPS, plan 15-1833-6-15.

27 NHPS, plan 15-1836-2-9.

28 NHPS, plans 11-1833-6-4, 6-5, 6-10 and 02-1925-12-2.

29 NHPS, plans 15-1836-2-9 and 11-1834-3-2.

30 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Revised Estimate for Completing the Halifax Citadel . . .," 2 Feb. 1836, and NHPS, plans 11-1834-3-2 and 11-1836-2-5.

31 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Revised Estimate for Completing the Halifax Citadel . . .," 2 Feb. 1836.

32 Ibid., "Report & Estimate of Works & Repairs . . .," 20 Oct. 1843.

33 Ibid., "Supplementary Report and Estimate . . .," 31 March 1843, and NHPS, plan 11-1846-3-3.

34 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 883, fols. 843-54, "Special Estimate . . .," 30 April 1849.

35 Ibid., Vol. 1558, part 7, "Observations on the Defence of Nova Scotia," 1856.

36 NHPS, plan 11-1875-10-3A.

Appendix H: The Gate and Bridge

1 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 873, fols. 637-77." Revised Estimate . . .," 2 Feb. 1836.

2 NHPS, plans 24-1950-1-1 and 1-2.

3 NHPS, plan 04-1846-3-6.

Appendix I: The Sally Ports

1 NHPS, plan 04-1856-1-1 .

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 873, fols. 637-77. "Revised Estimate . . .," 2 Feb. 1836.

3 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1653A, pp. 129-63, Ordnance annual estimate, 1859-60.

Appendix J: Ravelins

1 NHPS, plans 01-1825-12-i and 01-1932-4-1.

2 NHPS, plan 13-1831-5-1.

3 Compare NHPS, plans 13-1832-2-6 and 13-1831-5-1.

4 NHPS, plan 13-1831-5-i .

5 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 869, fols. 473-5, Boteler to Bryce, 14 Feb. 1832.

6 For a full discussion of the process by which the decision was arrived at, see above. Most of the material relating to the changes in design and the various proposals made in the early 1830s is in PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 227, the entries for July 1843.

7 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 873, fols. 637-77, "Revised Estimate for completing Halifax Citadel . . ," 2 Feb. 1836.

8 See ibid., and NHPS, plans 13-1836-2-6 and 2-7.

9 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 878, fols. 514-22," Estimate for Alterations and Renewals . . .," 22 May 1843.

10 Ibid.

11 Ibid., Vol. 880, fol. 939. "Supplementary Estimate . . .," 31 March 1846.

12 Ibid., fols. 940-3.

13 PANS, RE26, unpaginated, No. 792, Matson to Calder, 6 May 1846, enclosing remarks of the IGF.

14 Col. Calder was wrong. The north and south ravelins were not re-built under the provisions of the 1936 estimate.

15 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 880, fols. 1019-24, No. 155, Calder to IGF, 21 July 1946.

16 Ibid., fols. 514-22, and NHPS, plan 13-1846-3-4A.

17 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 881, fol. 847, No. 193, Calder to Burgoyne, 12 May 1847.

18 Ibid., Vol. 882, fol. 485, Calder to Burgoyne, 12 May 1847.

19 PANS, RE22, p. 63. No. 911, Matson to Calder, 25 May 1848.

Appendix K: Armament

1 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 227, fols. 102-7, "Estimate of the Expense . . .," 20 Dec. 1825.

2 Ibid., and NHPS, plans 01-1825-12-1, 12-5, 12-7, 01-1828-10-1 and 10-1A, and 02-1932-4-1.

3 NHPS, plan 01-1832-2-1.

4 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, "Supplementary Report and Estimate . . .," 31 March 1946.

5 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 880, fols. 940-3," Supplementary Estimate . . .," 31 March 1846.

6 Ibid.

7 PANS, RE56, unpaginated, No. 792, Matson to Calder, 6 May 1846, enclosing IGF's remarks.

8 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 880, fols. 912-3, "Armament Proposal for Fort George . . .," 21 July 1846.

9 Ibid., fol. 914, Director General of Artillery to Burgoyne, 15 Sept. 1846.

10 Ibid., fol. 912, Butler (for Byham) to Burgoyne, 2 Oct. 1846.

11 PAC, RG8, C series. Vol. 1445, pp. 56-62," Report and Estimate for roofing over the Cavalier . . .," 21 June 1855, and PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 880, fols. 940-3, "Supplementary Estimate . . .," 31 March 1846.

12 John Joseph Greenough, op. cit., part 2, Fig. 92.

13 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 880, fols. 940-3. "Supplementary Estimate . . .," 31 March 1846, and NHPS, plan 13-1846-3-4.

14 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 990, fols. 935-58, "Supplementary Report . . .," 31 March 1846, and NHPS, plan 26-1846-3-16.

15 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 880, fols. 935-58, "Supplementary Report . . .," 31 March 1846, item 17.

16 Ibid., fols. 912-3, "Armament Proposal . . .," 21 July 1846.

17 Ibid., fols. 978-99, partly revised version of supplementary estimate, n.d.

18 Ibid., fols. 935-58, "Supplementary Report . . .," 31 March 1946.

19 NHPS, plan 01-1852-4-1.

20 NHPS, plan 26-1846-3-15.

21 NHPS, plan 01-1852-4-1.

22 Ibid.

23 NHPS, plans 26-1849-13-1 and 13-2.

24 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 880, fols. 935-58, "Supplementary Report . . .," 31 March 1846.

2S NHPS, plan 26-1849-13-1.

26 J. Rippengale, op. cit., p. 4.

27 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, part 7, "Observations on the Defence of Nova Scotia . . .," 1856.

29 Ibid.

29 Ibid.

30 Ibid.

31 John Joseph Greenough, op. cit., part 2, Fig. 92.

32 Ibid., Fig. 99.