Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 14

The British Indian Department and the Frontier in North America, 1755-1830

by Robert S. Allen

Endnotes

The Regime of Sir William Johnson

1 See E. H. Blair, ed., The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes . . . (Cleveland: A. H. Clark Co., 1911-12), 2 vols.; H. E. Hale, ed., The Iroquois Book of Rites (Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1863); George T. Hunt, The Wars of the Iroquois: A Study in Intertribal Trade Relations (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1960); Barbara Graymont, The Iroquois in the American Revolution (Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1972), p. 26.

2 Helen Broshar, "The First Push Westward of the Albany Traders," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 7, No. 3 (December 1920), p. 229.

3 Documents Relative no the Colonial History of the State of New York, ed., E. B. O'Callaghan (Albany: Weed Parsons, 1853-87) (hereafter cited as Documents Relative to New York), Vol. 3, p. 393, Governor Dunmore to Committee for Trade and Plantations respecting New York, 22 February 1687.

4 French attempts to win Iroquois favour through religion are scattered throughout the volumes of the Jesuit Relations, British missionary endeavours are discussed in J. W. Lydekker, The Faithful Mohawks (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1938), pp. 8-9, and Barbara Graymont, op. cit., especially Ch. 2, pp. 26-47.

5 New York (Colony), An Abridgement of the Indian Affairs Contained in Four Folio Volumes transacted in the Colony of New York, from the Year 1678 to the Year 1751, by Peter Wraxall, ed., C. H. McIlwain (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1915), p. ix.

6 Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), p. 113.

7 James Adair, Adair's History of the American Indians, Ed. S. C. Williams (Johnson City: Watauga Press, 1930), p. 452.

8 Quoted in Francis Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe (New York: Collier, 1962), pp. 52, 48-64.

9 Ibid., and James Adair, loc. cit.

10 Francis S. Philbrick, The Rise of the West, 1754-1830 (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), p. 110; Sir William Johnson, The Papers of Sir William Johnson, eds., J. J. Sullivan et al. (Albany: Univ. of the State of New York, 1921-62), Vol. 2, pp. 396-98; George G. Hatheway, "The Neutral Barrier State: A Project in British North American Policy, 1754-1815" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Minnesota, 1957), p. 70.

11 Sir William Johnson, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 465-66.

12 Arthur H. Pound, Johnson of the Mohawks: A Biography of Sir William Johnson (New York: Macmillan, 1930), p. 48.

13 Ibid., p. 70.

14 Sir William Johnson, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 60-1, by appointment of George Clinton, Governor of New York, 28 August 1746.

15 Ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 18-28; Francis Parkman, op. cit., pp. 209-25.

16 Documents Relative to New York, Vol. 7, pp. 252-66, Johnson to Six Nations Assembled, Fort Johnson, 10-20 June 1757.

17 Henry Bouquet, The Papers of Henry Bouquet, Vol. 2, The Forbes Expedition, ed. S. K. Stevens, D. K. Kent and A. L. Leonard (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1951), pp. 610-12, Bouquet to Johnson, 25 November 1758; Sir William Johnson, op. cit., Vol. 3, pp. 849-50.

18 Canada, Public Archives (hereafter cited as PAC), MG21, G2, B10, Johnson to Amherst, Niagara, 25 July 1759; Sir William Johnson, op. cit., Vol. 3, pp. 108-10; and for a description of the siege and battle, see Francis Parkman, op. cit., pp. 511-16.

19 Jack M. Sosin, Whitehall and the Wilderness: The Middle West in British Colonial Policy, 1760-1775 (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1961), p. 27.

20 Canada, Public Archives, Report on Canadian Archives for 1889 (Ottawa: 1890), "Note E," pp. 72-9; Anthony F. C. Wallace, op. cit., p. 14.

21 Sir William Johnson, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 588, Egremont to Amherst, Whitehall, 12 December 1761.

22 Ibid., p. 330, Johnson to Amherst, Fort Johnson, 12 February 1761.

23 Wilbur B. Jacobs, Wilderness Politics and Indian Gifts: The Northern Colonial Frontier, 1748-1763 (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1967), p. 75.

24 Alexander Henry, Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories Between the Years 1760 and 1776 (Toronto: G. N. Morang, 1901), p. 44, Minavavana, Ojibway chief, to Henry, Michilimackinac, spring of 1761.

25 Sir William Johnson, op. cit., Vol. 3, pp. 474-501, Johnson to Indians Assembled, Detroit, 9-18 September 1761.

26 See Francis Parkman, The Conspiracy of Pontiac (New York: Collier, 1962) (hereafter cited as Pontiac), and Howard H. Peckham, Pontiac and the Indian Uprising (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1947).

27 Anthony F. C. Wallace, op. cit., pp. 114-16; Francis Parkman, Pontiac, pp. 322-24.

28 C. E. Carter, "The Significance of the Military Office in America, 1763-1775." American Historical Review, Vol. 38 (April 1923), pp. 475-76.

29 PAC, MG21, G2, B10; Canada, Public Archives, Board of Historical Publications, Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 1759-91, eds., A. Shortt and A. G. Doughty (Ottawa: Dawson, 1907), Vol. 1, pp. 119-23, proclamation of 7 October 1763.

30 For interpretation of this legislation see B. A. Humphreys, "Lord Shelburne and the Proclamation of 1763," English Historical Review, Vol. 49 (1934), pp. 241-50; Jack M. Sosin, op. cit., pp. 27-47, and E. E. Rich, The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670-1870 (London: Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1958-59), Vol. 1, p. 10.

31 Sir William Johnson, op. cit., Vol. 4, pp. 274-76, Johnson to Acting Governor Colden of New York, Johnson Hall, 24 December 1763.

32 Ibid., Vol. 4, pp. 415-16, 18 July 1764: Alexander Henry, op. cit., pp. 171, 175, 183, Niagara Council, July 1764.

33 Francis Parkman, Pontiac, pp. 470-75.

34 Sir William Johnson, op. cit., Vol. 4, pp. 364, 462-66; Jack M. Sosin, op. cit., pp. 75-76, Plan of 10 July 1764; E. E. Rich, op. cit., p. 10.

35 Sir William Johnson, loc. cit., Croghan to Johnson, London, 12 July 1764.

36 Ibid., Vol. 5, pp. 346, 399, 738; M. G. Rei, "The Quebec Fur Traders and Western Policy, 1763-1774," Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 6 (March 1925) pp. 22, 26.

37 E. E. Rich, op. cit., p. 11.

38 Documents Relative to New York, vol. 7, p. 88, Johnson to Shelburne, December 1766.

39 Quoted in Jack M. Sosin, op. cit., p. 86.

40 C. B. Ritcheson, British Politics and the American Revolution (Norman; Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1954), p. 110.

41 Thomas Gage, The Correspondence of Major General Thomas Gage with the Secretaries of State, and with the War Office and the Treasury, 1763-1775, ed., C. E. Carter (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1931-33), Vol. 1, pp. 90, 184; I. B. Christie, Crisis of Empire: Great Britain and the American Colonies, 1754-1783 (London: Edward Arnold, 1966), pp. 87-8; B. A. Humphreys, op. cit., pp. 264-5.

42 R. A. Humphreys, loc. cit.

43 PAC. MG21, G2, B10; Sir William Johnson, op. cit., Vol. 6, pp. 406-7, Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 24 October 1768.

44 Ralph C. Downes, Council Fires on the Upper Ohio: A Narrative of Indian Affairs in the Upper Ohio Valley until 1795 (Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1940), p. 184.

45 Sir William Johnson, op. cit., Vol. 8, pp. 6-11, 219, 251, 406, 688-9; Thomas Gage, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 235-6, 245-6.

46 Thomas Gage, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 104-5, Hillsborough to Gage, Whitehall, 12 June 1770.

47 Roy M. Bobbins, Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1767-1936 (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1962), p. 10.

48 PAC, MG21, G2, B10, Speech of the Shawnee to William Johnson, Johnson Hall, 15 September 1773.

49 Sir William Johnson, op. cit., Vol. 8, p. 1074, Haldimand's proclamation, 10 March 1774.

50 R. E. Pulfer, "The Administration of British Policy to the Indians in the Northern District of North America, 1760-1783" (M. A. thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 1970), pp. 41-43.

51 Jack M. Sosin, "The French Settlements in British Policy for the North American Interior, 1760-1774," Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 39 (September 1968), p. 208.

52 PAC, MG21, G2, B10, 2 August 1774; Arthur H. Pound, op. cit., p. 455; Dale Van Every, The Frontier People of America (New York: W. Morrow and Co., 1961-), Vol. 1, p. 300.

The Indian Department and the Frontier in the American Revolution (1775-84)

1 Quoted in Thomas Gage, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 277.

2 Quoted in R. G. Thwaites and L. P. Kellogg, eds., The Documentary History of Dunmore's War, 1774 (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society, 1906), p. 371.

3 Canada, Public Archives Report on Canadian Archives for 1904 (Ottawa: 1905), pp. 374-6, "Extracts from the Records of Indian Transactions under the Superintendency of Colonel Guy Johnson during the Year 1775;" see also George Washington, The Writings of George Washington: From the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799, ed., John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington; USGPO, 1931-44), Vol. 4, p. 179.

4 Canada, Public Archives, op. cit., p. 345, Dartmouth to Guy Johnson, Whitehall, 24 July 1775.

S Quoted in Barbara Graymont, op. cit., p. 61.

6 Andrew McF. Davis, "The Employment of Indian Auxiliaries in the American War," English Historical Review, Vol. 2 (1887), p. 710; see also Jack M. Sosin, "The Use of Indians in the War of the American Revolution; A Re-Assessment of Responsibility," Canadian Historical Review Vol. 46 (June 1966), pp. 101-21.

7 PAC, MG21, G2, B185-2; R. G. Thwaites and L. P. Kellogg. eds., The Revolution on the Upper Ohio, 1775-1777 (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society, 1908), pp. 51-4, Conference and Treaty at Fort Pitt, 26 September-19 October 1776.

8 Barbara Graymont, op. cit., pp. 76-8; John R. Alden, The American Revolution, 1775-1783 (New York: Harper and Row, 1962), pp. 51, 56-7. Alden maintains that the real saviour of Canada was Preston, who held Saint-Jean for 55 crucial days.

9 Canada, Public Archives, op. cit., p. 347, Johnson to Dartmouth, Montreal, 12 October 1775.

10 PAC, MG21, G2, B38, p. 7, Lord George Germain, Secretary of State for the Colonies, to Sir Guy Carleton, Governor of Quebec, Whitehall, 26 March 1777.

11 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 36, John Butler, Assistant Indian Superintendent at Niagara, to Carleton, Niagara, 15 June 1777; ibid., Henry Hamilton to Carleton, Detroit, 15 June 1777; ibid., Arent De Peyster to Carleton, Michilimackinac, 17 June 1777.

12 Ibid., Butler to Carleton, Niagara, 26 June 1777.

13 Quoted in James E. Seaver, Deh-He-Wa-Mis: or, A Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison (Shebbear, Devonshire: S. Thorne, 1847), pp. 76-7; and for Oriskany see PAC, MG11, CO42, vol. 36, Butler to Carleton, Camp before Fort Stanwix, 15 August 1777.

14 George Washington, op. cit., Vol. 13, p. 267, Washington to Brigadier General Edward Hand, Fredericksburg, 16 November 1778.

15 Quoted in Dale Van Every, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 136.

16 George Washington, op. cit., vol. 16, pp. 29-30, Washington to Sullivan, West Point, 15 September 1779: see also Morris Bishop, "The End of the Iroquois," American Heritage, Vol. 20, No. 6 (October 1969), pp. 28-33, 77-78, and James Norris, "The Campaign of Major General John Sullivan, May to October 1779," Buffalo Historical Society, Publications, Vol. 1 (1879), pp. 217-52.

17 PAC, MG21, G2, B54, p. 144, Haldimand to Germain, Quebec. 13 September 1779.

18 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 41, Guy Johnson to Germain, Niagara, 20 November 1780.

19 Ibid., Vol. 87, Speech of the chiefs of the Shawnee, Mingo and Delaware to Alexander McKee, British Indian agent, Upper Shawnee Village, 26 September 1781.

20 Elma M. Gray, Wilderness Christians: The Moravian Mission to the Delaware Indians (Toronto: Macmillan, 1966), p. 73; Dale Van Every, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 302-5.

21 United States, Congress. Senate, Indian Affairs Committee, Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, ed., C. J. Kappler (Washington: USGPO, 1904), Vol. 1, pp. 3-4.

22 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 43, Lieutenant John Turney, Butler's Rangers. to Colonel Arent De Peyster, Commander at Detroit, Upper Sandusky, 7 June 1782.

23 Ibid.

24 PAC, MG21, G2, B55, p. 170, Haldimand to Shelburne, Quebec, 17 July 1782.

25 Ibid., B123, p. 297, Captain William Caldwell, Butler's Rangers, to De Peyster, Wakitamaki, 26 August 1782; see also Milo M. Quaife, "The Ohio Campaigns of 1782," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 18 (1931), pp. 515-29.

26 PAC, MG21, G2, B146, p. 22, Haldimand to Carleton, Quebec, 18 September 1782, and Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society Collections (hereafter cited as MPHSC), Vol> 20 (1892), pp. 57-8.

27 PAC, MG21, G2, B55, p. 233, Haldimand to the Honourable Thomas Townshend, the future Lord Sydney, and Secretary of State at the Home Department, Quebec, 23 October 1782, and ibid., p. 663.

28 Ibid., R116, pp. 8-9, Haldimand to Johnson, Quebec, 6 February 1783.

29 Ibid.

30 Ibid., B123, p. 351, Haldimand to De Peyster, Quebec, 14 February 1783.

31 Ibid., B55, p. 50, Haldimand to Townshend, Quebec, 14 February 1783, and ibid., B146, p. 36, Haldimand to Carleton, Quebec, 17 February 1783.

32 MPHSC, Vol. 11 (1888), p. 361, Haldimand to Maclean, Quebec, 26 April 1783.

33 There is considerable correspondence between the British post commanders in MPHSC, Vol. 9 (1888), pp. 372, 379 and 407.

34 PAC, MG21, G2, B103, p. 175, Maclean to Haldimand, Niagara, 18 May 1783; PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 44; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), pp. 118-20.

35 See MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), pp. 363-4, 371.

36 Ibid., p. 123, Haldimand to Johnson, Quebec, 26 May 1783.

37 Ibid., p. 177, Johnson to Indians Assembled, Detroit. 28 June 1783.

38 See Frank H. Severance, "The Niagara Peace Mission of Major Ephraim Douglas in 1783," Buffalo Historical Society Publications, Vol. 18 (1914), pp. 115-41.

39 MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), p. 136, De Peyster to Maclean, Detroit, 7 July 1783.

40 Ibid., p. 139, Maclean to Powell, Military Secretary to Haldimand, Niagara, 8 July 1783.

41 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 44, Douglas to Maclean, Maclean to Douglas, Niagara, 16 July 1783; PAC, MG21, G2, B103, pp. 271, 268.

42 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 44, Proceedings of a Council between Sir John Johnson and the Six Nations at Niagara, 23 July 1783; PAC, MG21, G2, B115, p. 138; see also G. F. G. Stanley, "The Six Nations and the American Revolution," Ontario History, Vol. 56 (1964), p. 229.

43 George Washington, op. cit., Vol. 27, pp. 61-3, Washington to Steuben, Newburgh, 12 July 1783, and MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), p. 141, Washington to Haldimand, 12 July 1783.

44 PAC, MG21, G2, B56, p. 125, Haldimand to Lord North, Quebec, 20 August 1783.

45 Samuel F. Bemis, "Canada and the Peace Settlement of 1782-1783," Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 14 (1933), p. 281; A. L. Burt, The United Stares, Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812 (hereafter cited as United States) (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1940), p. 92.

46 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 46, Haldimand to North, Quebec, 27 November 1783.

47 A. L. Burt, United States, p. 84.

48 A. L. Burt, The Old Province of Quebec (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1933), p. 304; Nelson V. Russell, The British Regime in Michigan and the Old Northwest, 1760-1796 (Northfield: Carleton, College, 1939), pp. 227-8.

49 A. L. Burt, United States, p. 85. This is the thesis generally followed by Burt.

50 Agnes C. McLaughlin, "The Western Posts and the British Debts," Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1894 (Washington: 1895), p. 418.

51 PAC, MG21, G2, B103, p. 349, Report of the Indian Council held at Sandusky, 5 September 1783.

52 Ibid.

53 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 45, Journal of the Minutes of Transactions with the Indians at Sandusky, 26 August to 8 September 1783; see also Orpha E. Leavitt, "British Policy on the Canadian Frontier, 1782-1792; Mediation and an Indian, Barrier State," Wisconsin Historical Society, Proceedings for 1915, pp. 151-85; and for a general discussion, of this theme, see Dale Van Every, op. cit., Vol. 3, pp. 53-8, 63.

54 PAC, MG21, G2, B119, p. 237, A. McKee to Sir John Johnson, Sandusky, 8 September 1783.

55 Ibid., B50, p. 148, Sydney to Haldimand, Whitehall, 8 April 1784.

56 Ibid.

57 Charles M. Johnston, "Joseph Brant, the Grand River Lands and the Northwest Crisis," Ontario History, Vol. 55 (1963), p. 268.

58 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 46, Haldimand to Sydney, Quebec, 16 July 1784.

59 PAC, MG21, G2, B123, p. 483, Jehu Hay, Military Secretary, to Haldimand, Detroit, 13 August 1784.

60 Dale Van Every, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 63.

61 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 49, Sir John Johnson, to the Six Nations, Montreal, 18 November 1784.

Indian Confederacy: The Search (1784-93)

1 Francis S. Philbrick, op. cit., pp. 136-7.

2 Ibid.

3 The terms and implications of this treaty have been discussed in the first chapter.

4 Ralph C. Downes, op. cit., pp. 284-5.

5 Ibid.

6 Reginald Horsman, "American Indian Policy in the Old Northwest, 1783-1812," William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 18 (1961), pp. 35-53.

7 W. L. Stone, The Life of Joseph Brant—Thayendanegea: Including the Border Wars of the American Revolution, and Sketches of the Indian Campaigns of Generals Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne, and other Matters connected with the Indian Relations of the United States and Great Britain, from the Peace of 1783 to the Indian Peace of 1795 (New York: A. V. Blake, 1838), Vol. 2, p. 243.

8 United States, Congress, State Papers, American State Papers; Documents, Legislative, and Executive of the Congress of the United States, eds., W. Lowrie and M. St. C. Clarke (Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1832-61), Indian Affairs, 1789-1814, Vol. 1, p. 10.

9 United States, Congress, Senate, Indian Affairs Committee, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 5-6.

10 George C. Hatheway, op. cit., p. 333.

11 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vols. 1 and 2; United States, Congress, Senate, Indian, Affairs Committee, op. cit., pp. 6-8.

12 Montreal Gazette, 4 October 1785, a letter from Fort Macintosh.

13 John D. Barnhart, Valley of Democracy: The Frontier versus the Plantation in the Ohio Valley, 1775-1818 (Bloomington: Univ. of Indiana Press, 1953), pp. 40-41.

14 Speech of Captain Johnny to Americans, Wakitunikee, 18 May 1785, in "Miscellaneous Papers, British Museum," MPHSC, Vol. 25 (1894), p. 692; see also Reginald Horsman, Matthew Elliott, British Indian Agent (Detroit: Wayne State Univ, 1964), p. 53.

15 Montreal Gazette, 27 October 1785; Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 55 (1785), p. 912.

16 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 47, A. McKee to Sir John Johnson, Detroit, 2 June 1785.

17 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 48, "Minutes of a Council held between, the Six Nations and Western Confederacy," Niagara, 6 August 1785.

18 Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 55 (1785), p. 1000; W. L. Stone. op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 248.

19 For the reception accorded Brant, see W. L. Stone, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 247-61.

20 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 49, Joseph Brant to Lord Sydney, London, 4 January 1786.

21 Ibid., Sydney to Brant, Whitehall, 6 April 1786.

22 Canada, Public Archives, Board of Historical Publications, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 547-9, Sydney to Hope, Whitehall, 6 April 1786.

23 Ibid.

24 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 12: United States, Congress, Senate, Indian Affairs Committee, op. cit., pp. 16-8, Treaty with the Shawnee, 31 January 1786, at the mouth of the Great Miami River (also known as the Treaty of Fort Finney).

25 Ibid.

26 Francis P. Prucha, American Indian Policy in the Formative Years: The Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts, 1790-1834 (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1962), p. 35.

27 Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 56 (1786), p. 1083.

28 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 51, D. Claus to E. Nepean, Military Secretary to Sydney, London, 3 February 1787.

29 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 87, S. Girty to A. McKee, Upper Sandusky, 11 October 1786. McKee was by now the most influential British Indian agent in the Ohio valley, and was to serve as deputy superintendent general of Indian, affairs between 1794 and 1799. Because his father had married a Shawnee maiden, McKee's influence over the tribe was supreme.

30 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 50, Dorchester to Sir John Johnson, Quebec, 27 November 1786.

31 Ibid., Dorchester to Sydney, Quebec, 11 December 1786.

32 Helen T. Manning, British Colonial Government after the American Revolution, 1782-1820 (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1933), p. 215.

33 Louise P. Kellogg, The British Regime in Wisconsin and the Northwest (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1935), p. 210.

34 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 50, Sydney to Dorchester, Whitehall, 5 April 1787.

35 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 8-9; W. L. Stone, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 264-6.

36 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 87, Speech of the United Indian Nations at the Confederated Council held near the Mouth of the Detroit River, to the Congress of the United States, Detroit, 18 December 1786.

37 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 8-9.

38 W. L. Stone, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 270-2, Major Robert Matthews to Captain Brant, Niagara, 29 May 1787.

39 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 51, Sydney to Dorchester, Whitehall, 14 September 1787.

40 United States, Department of State, The Territorial Papers of the United States (Washington: USGPO, 1934-50), The Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, 1781-1803, ed. C. E. Carter, Vol. 2, pp. 78-9, Charles Thompson. Secretary of Congress, to St. Clair, Philadelphia, 26 October 1787, "Instructions to St. Clair Relative to an Indian, Treaty in the Northern Department."

41 Ibid.

42 Ibid., p. 89. St. Clair to Knox, Philadelphia, 27 January 1788.

43 Ibid., p. 90.

44 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 61, "Opinions and Observations of Different Persons Respecting the United States, 1788."

45 Ibid.; United States, Department of State, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 125-7.

46 Lady Mathilda Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War, 1805-1815; Being the Ridout Letters (Toronto: William Briggs, 1890), p. 35, "Narrative of the Captivity among the Shawanese Indians in 1788, of Thomas Ridout, afterwards Surveyor-General of Upper Canada, from the original manuscript in possession of the family."

47 W. L. Stone, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 277-9, Captain Brant to Lieutenant Langan, Private Secretary to Sir John Johnson, Miami River, 7 October 1788.

48 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 5-6; United States, Department of State, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 182-6; United States, Congress, Senate, Indian Affairs Committee, op. cit., pp. 23-5; Treaty with the Six Nations, Fort Harmar, 9 January 1789.

49 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 6-7; United States, Department of State, op. cit., Vol. 2. pp. 174-81; United States, Congress, Senate, Indian, Affairs Committee, op. cit., pp. 18-23; Treaty with the Wyandot et al., Fort Harmar, 9 January 1789.

50 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 65, Dorchester to Sydney, Quebec, 25 June 1789.

51 Ibid., Vol. 66, Joseph Brant to Robert Matthews, Grand River, 23 September 1789.

52 George Washington, op. cit., Vol. 30, pp. 429-31, Washington to St. Clair, New York, 6 October 1789.

53 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 67, Dorchester to Grenville, Secretary of State at the Home Department, 1789-1791, Quebec, 8 March 1790.

54 Ibid., Vol. 63, St. Clair to Major Patrick Murray, Commanding Officer at Detroit, Marietta, 19 September 1790.

55 See A. S. Brown, "The Role of the Army in Western Settlement: Josiah Harmar's Command, 1785-1790," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 18 (April 1969).

S6 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 73, Information of Matthew Elliott, Detroit, 28 October 1790.

57 George Washington, op. cit., Vol. 31, p. 156.

58 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 104-6; Report of the Secretary of War: Harmar Campaign, 1790. British newspapers praised Indian courage: see Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 61 (1791). p. 668, "Nothing could equal the intrepidity of the Indians on this occasion."

59 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 73, Major John Smith to Francis LeMaistre, Military Secretary at Quebec, Detroit, 5 November 1790.

60 See W. L. Stone, op. cit., Vol 2, p. 295: Dale Van Every, op. cit., Vol. 3, pp. 231-2; Pittsburgh Gazette, 23 January 1791.

61 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 73, A. McKee to Sir John Johnson, Miami Rapids, 29 April 1791.

62 Ibid., Grenville to Dorchester, Whitehall, 7 March 1791; ibid., Dorchester to Johnson, Quebec, 10 February 1791

63 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 82, Speech of Arthur St. Clair to the Senecal Assembled, Pittsburgh, 23 April 1791.

64 Ibid., Vol. 73, Dorchester to Grenville, Quebec, 14 June 1791.

65 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 82, Gordon, to Joseph Brant, Niagara, 11 June 1791; see also W. L. Stone, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 299-303, and Dale Van Every, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 233.

66 Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 61 (October 1791), p. 960.

67 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 83, A. McKee to Sir John Johnson, Foot of the Rapids, 20 June 1791.

68 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 128-35.

69 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 83, McKee to Johnson, Foot of Miami Rapids, 5 July 1791.

70 United States, Congress, Annals of Congress, 1789-1824 (Washington; Gales and Seaton, 1834-56), Vol. 2, pp. 1052-9, letters and details of the St. Clair campaign and defeat of 4 November 1791.

71 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 87, Simon Girty to A. McKee, Delaware Town, 28 October 1791.

72 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 36-138 (St. Clair's report); ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 1106-14, defeat of General St. Clair.

73 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 89, McKee to Johnson, Detroit, 5 December 1791.

74 Isaac Weld, Travels Through the States of North America and the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada during the Years 1795, 1796 and 1797 (London: J. Stockdale, 1807), Vol. 2, p. 205.

75 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 85, Dundas to Dorchester, Whitehall, 16 September 1791.

76 United States, Congress, op. cit., Vol. 2. pp. 337-55, House of Representatives, speech on the "Protection of the Frontier," 26 January 1792.

77 Ibid.

78 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 90, extract from the Instructions by Secretary Knox to St. Clair, Philadelphia, 21 March 1792.

79 Bernard Mayo, ed., Instructions to the British Ministers to the United States, 1791-1812 (Washington: American Historical Association, 1941), pp. 25-7, Dundas to G. Hammond, Whitehall, 17 March 1792.

80 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 89, Dorchester to Dundas, London, 23 March 1792.

81 Vincent T. Harlow, The Founding of the Second British Empire, 1763-1793 (London: Longmans, Green, 1952-64), Vol. 1, p. 612.

82 W. R. Manning, ed., Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States: Canadian Relations (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1940-45), Vol. 1, pp. 48-52, T. Jefferson to G. Hammond, Philadelphia, 29 May 1792.

83 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe, with Allied Documents relating to his Administration of the Government of Upper Canada (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1923-31 (hereafter cited as Simcoe), Vol. 1, p. 206, Simcoe, Respecting the Indians and the Western Posts, Navy Hall, 20 August 1792.

84 See H. K. Letcher, "The Imperial Designs of John Graves Simcoe: First Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, 1792-1796" (M.A. thesis, Wayne State University, 1930), and S. F. Wise, "The Indian, Diplomacy of John Graves Simcoe, Canadian Historical Association, Report for 1953 (1954), pp. 36-44.

85 MPHSC, Vol. 24 (1894), pp. 417-8, Captain Joseph Brant to A. McKee, Lenox, 23 May 1792.

86 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 1, p. 208, Simcoe to McKee, Navy Hall, 20 August 1792.

87 Ibid., p. 224. Proceeding of the Indian Council at the Glaize, 30 September 1792.

88 Ibid., pp. 242-3, Speech of the Western, Indians, Foot of the Miami Rapids, 28 October 1792.

89 Ibid., pp. 256-60, Six Nations Council at Buffalo Creek, 13 November 1792.

Indian Confederacy: The Collapse (1793-96)

1 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 1, p. 301, Speech of the Confederate Indian Nations at the Glaize, n.d.

2 Ibid., pp. 317-8, Simcoe to Clarke, Niagara, 21 April 1793.

3 Ibid., p. 347, Clarke to Simcoe, Quebec, 3 June 1793.

4 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 96, Simcoe to Clarke, Navy Hall, 14 June 1793; the journal and correspondence of the American commissioners is published in United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 337-61.

5 MPHSC, Vol. 24 (1894), pp. 554-5, Simcoe to Butler and McKee, Navy Hall, 22 June 1793.

6 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 96, McKee to Simcoe, Foot of the Miami Rapids, 1 July 1793; see also MPHSC, Vol. 24 (1894), pp. 559-60, and E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 1, p. 374.

7 Upper Canada Gazette, 11 July 1793.

8 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 96, Simcoe to Clarke, Navy Hall, 10 July 1793.

9 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 1, pp. 377-82, Minutes of a Council with the Indians held at Free Mason's Hall, Niagara, 7 July 1797.

10 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 96, McKee and Brant to Simcoe, Miami Rapids, 28 July 1793; see also ibid., Simcoe to Clarke, Navy Hall, 29 July 1793.

11 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 1, pp. 408-9, Speech of the Commissioners of the United States to the Deputies of the Confederate Indian Nations Assembled at the Miami Rapids, at Captain Elliott's, mouth of the Detroit River, 31 July 1793; see also United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 352-64, and A. L. Burt, United States, pp. 130-1.

12 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, p. 19, Message from the Western Indians to the Commissioners of the United States, Miami Rapids, 13 August 1793.

13 Ibid., p. 17, Journal of Captain Brant; Proceedings at the General Council held at the Miami Rapids, May-August 1793.

14 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 97, Joseph Brant to Joseph Chew, Niagara, 26 September 1793.

15 MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1893), p. 336, Brant to Chew, Grand River, 25 March 1794.

16 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 97, McKee to Simcoe, Miami Rapids, 22 August 1793.

17 Ibid., MPHSC, Vol. 24 (1894), pp. 599-605, letters of Simcoe to Hammond, York (later Toronto), 24 August and 8 September 1793.

18 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, pp. 83-4, Dorchester to Simcoe, Quebec, 7 October 1793.

19 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 98, E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, pp. 85-6, Proceedings of a Council with the Six Nations, Buffalo Creek, 10 October 1793.

20 PAC. MG11, CO42, Vol. 98, Dundas to Dorchester, Whitehall, 8 January 1794.

21 Ibid.

22 This was, in fact, the wish of the Home Department: see PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 318, Dundas to Simcoe, Whitehall, 16 March 1794, and E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, p. 187.

23 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 98: E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2. pp. 149-50; United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 480, Speech of Lord Dorchester to the Seven Nations of Canada, Quebec, 10 February 1794.

24 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 98: E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, p. 154, Dorchester to Simcoe, Quebec, 17 February 1794; see also William R. Manning, ed., op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 411-12.

25 For an excellent account of British intrigue with the Indians in the Ohio valley, see Reginald Horsman, "The British Indian Department and the Resistance to General Anthony Wayne, 1793-1795," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 49 (1962), pp. 269-90.

26 MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), p. 351, McKee to Chew, Miami Rapids, 8 May 1974, and E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, p. 234.

27 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, p. 126, Journal of Colonel Alexander McKee, Indian Country, 22 October 1793.

28 William Clark. "Journal of General Wayne's Campaign," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 1 (1915), pp. 418-44, and Dale Van Every, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 287.

29 Louise P. Kellogg, op. cit., p. 221.

30 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 491; E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, p. 127, McKee's Journal.

31 Centinel of the Northwest Territory, 15 February 1794.

32 Ibid., 17 May 1794.

33 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 487; PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 247, McKee to Chew, Miami Rapids, 7 July 1794.

34 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, pp. 272-6, Proceedings of a Council held at Buffalo Creek, 18 June 1794: see also W. L. Stone, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 371, 377-81.

35 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, p. 334, England to Simcoe, Detroit, 22 July 1794.

36 Ibid., p. 360, England to Wyandot Assembled, Detroit, 6 August 1794.

37 Ibid., p. 362, England to Simcoe, Detroit, 8 August 1794.

38 MPHSC, Vol. 12 (1888), p. 141.

39 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 490; E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, p. 372, Wayne to the Western Indians, Headquarters, Grand Glaize, 13 August 1794.

40 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 101; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), p.370; E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 3, p. 8, McKee's account of the battle, Camp Near Fort Miami, 27 August 1794.

41 Ibid.

42 Upper Canada Gazette, 10 December 1794.

43 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 492.

44 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 248; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), p. 382, Intelligence of Sergeant George Huffnogle, Detroit, 10 November 1794.

45 Isaac Weld., op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 215.

46 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 448-491, reprinted in The Scots Magazine, Vol. 56 (1794), pp. 790-1.

47 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 3, p. 8; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), p, 372, McKee to Chew, Camp Near Fort Miami, 27 August 1794.

48 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 2, p. 396, Campbell to England, Fort Miami, 20 August 1794.

49 Ibid.

50 PAC, MG12, WO1, Vol. 14, Campbell, to England, Fort Miami, 21 August 1794.

51 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 491; PAC, MG12, WO1, Vol. 14, Correspondence between Campbell and Wayne, Fort Miami, 21 and 22 August 1794.

S2 PAC, MG12, WO1, Vol. 14: E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 3, p. 21, England to Simcoe, Detroit, 30 August 1794.

S3 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 494.

44 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 3, pp. 121-5, Simcoe to the Indian, Nations Assembled at the Wyandot Village, 13 October 1794; W. L. Stone, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 391-3.

55 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 247; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), p. 380; E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 3, pp. 150-1, William Johnson Chew, Storekeeper for the British Indian Department at Niagara, to Joseph Chew, Niagara, 24 October 1794.

S6 United States, Congress, Senate, Indian Affairs Committee, op. cit., pp. 34-7, E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol 3, pp. 263-4, Treaty of Kanandorque, 11 November 1794.

57 For a complete discussion of the negotiations between Grenville and Jay, see Samuel F. Bemis, Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1962), and for a criticism, see A. L. Burt, United States. An interesting insight into the philosophy of the 18th-century British political and mercantile mind is found in PAC, MG23, A2, Vol. 9, pp. 52-61, "Consideration, on the propriety of Great Britain, abandoning the Indian posts and coming to a good understanding with America, July 1794."

58 Hawkesbury to Grenville, Addiscombe Place, 17 October 1794, PRO, 30/8, Chatham Papers, Bundle 152, quoted in G. S. Graham, "The Indian, Menace and the Retention, of the Western Posts," Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 15 (1934), p. 47.

59 For the text of Jay's Treaty, 19 November 1794, see United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Foreign Relations, Vol. 1, p. 470, and Samuel F. Bemis, op. cit., Appendix 6, pp. 321-4.

60 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 100; E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 3, pp. 185-6, Portland to Dorchester and Simcoe, Whitehall, 19 November 1794.

61 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 101; E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 3, p. 251, Dorchester to Portland, Quebec, 1 January 1795.

62 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Indian Affairs, Vol. 1, p. 528; E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 3, pp. 252-3; Anthony Wayne to the Indians of Sandusky, Greenville, 1 January 1795.

63 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 3, p. 279, England to McKee, Detroit, 30 January 1795.

64 Ibid., p. 330, Brant to Joseph Chew, Grand River, 17 March 1795.

65 Anthony Wayne, Anthony Wayne, a Name in Arms: Soldier Diplomat, Defender of Expansion Westward of a Nation; The Wayne-Knox-Pickering McHenry Correspondence, ed., R. C. Knopf (Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1959) p. 394, Pickering to Wayne, War Office, 8 April 1795.

66 Ibid., p. 395.

67 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 248; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), pp. 408-9, Brant to Colonel John Butler, Grand River, 23 July 1795.

68 United States, Congress, State Papers, op. cit., Indian Affairs, Vol. 1, p. 562; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), pp. 410-9: PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 319; PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 248; United States, Congress, Senate, Indian Affairs Committee, op. cit., pp. 39-45, and for a text of the Treaty of Greenville, 3 August 1793 see Appendix B.

69 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 319; E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 4, pp. 83-7, Simcoe to the Six Nations Assembled, Fort Erie, 28 August 1795.

70 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 4, pp. 180-1, Dorchester to Simcoe, Quebec, 2S January 1796.

71 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 105: E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 4, p. 286, Beckwith to the Commander of the Western Posts, Quebec, General Order of 1 June 1796.

72 Quoted in Nelson V. Russell, op. cit., p. 270.

The Quiet Years (1796-1807)

1 Colonel McKee had purchased the land at Chenail Ecarté in May of 1790, and the intention was to eventually offer the Indians the area for settlement: see PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 105, letters of McKee to Joseph Chew, Secretary of Indian Affairs, Detroit, 4 September 1795, and Dorchester to Portland, Quebec, 18 June 1796. In 1850, part of this area became what is now known as Walpole Island, Indian, Reserve No. 46.

2 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 250: MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), pp. 499-500, A. McKee to Captain James Green, Military Secretary, Detroit River, 22 January 1797. In 1796 alone, the Indians consumed 96,000 rations and 3,500 bushels of corn, and an extra allowance was promised and granted.

3 PAC, RG10, A4, Vol. 14, Council at Chenail Ecarté, 30 August 1796; Reginald Horsman, Matthew Elliott, British Indian Agent (Detroit: Wayne State Univ., 1964), p. 116.

4 The Queen's Rangers was a Loyalist regiment, and under the command of John Graves Simcoe fought gallantly throughout the American Revolution until the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in October of 1781. The unit was reformed in 1792-93 as a pioneer corps for service in Upper Canada, and was disbanded in 1802. The Royal Canadian, Volunteers was a provincial corps raised in 1794. This regiment was stationed in Upper Canada until 1802, when it was disbanded.

S PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1206. Peter Russell, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, to Lieutenant General Robert Prescott, Governor-in-chief and Commander of the Forces in British North America, York, 20 August 1796.

6 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 249; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), pp. 451-5, Colonel Alexander McKee to Lord Dorchester, Detroit, 7 June 1796 (Plan for the Future Government of the Indian Department).

7 Ibid.

8 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 250; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), pp. 518-9, Captain Peter Drummond to James Green, Island of St. Joseph, 29 June 1797.

9 Ibid.

10 Ibid.

11 MPHSC, Vol. 23 (1895), pp. 31-2, Thomas McKee to Prideaux Selby, Secretary of Indian Affairs, Amherstburg, 12 August 1804.

12 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Simcoe, Vol. 3, p. 314, Joseph Brant to Joseph Chew, Grand River, 5 March 1795.

13 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 319, Simcoe to Dorchester, Kingston, 4 March 1795.

14 Ibid.

15 Isaac Weld, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 343-59.

16 Ibid.; see also Reginald Horsman, Matthew Elliott, British Indian Agent (Detroit: Wayne State Univ., 1964), pp. 120-2.

17 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 250; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), pp. 524-5, McLean to Green, Amherstburg, 3 August 1797.

18 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 250; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), pp. 535-9, McLean to Green, Amherstburg, 14 September 1797.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid., see also Reginald Horsman, Matthew Elliott, British Indian Agent (Detroit: Wayne State Univ. 1964), pp. 128-32.

21 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 250, McLean to Green, Amherstburg, 23 September 1797.

22 Ibid., McLean to Green, Amherstburg, 18 October and 17 November 1797.

23 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 110, Prescott to Portland, Quebec, 27 December 1797.

24 Ibid., Vol. 321, Brant's Power of Attorney to sell the Grant River Lands, 2 November 1796.

25 Ibid., Speech of Joseph Brant to William Claus Respecting Indian Lands, Fort George, 24 November 1796.

26 Ibid., and Charles M. Johnston, ed., The Valley of the Six Nations; A Collection of Documents on the Indian Lands of the Grand River (Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1964) (hereafter cited as Valley of the Six Nations), introduction, pp. xliv-xlv.

27 Quoted in Charles M. Johnston, ed., Valley of the Six Nations, p. 70.

28 Ibid., pp. 87-9.

29 Ibid., pp. 97-8 (Transfer of Grand River Tracts to the Crown, 5 February 1798).

30 Charles M. Johnston, "Joseph Brant, the Grand River Lands and the Northwest Crisis," Ontario History, Vol. 55 (1963), pp. 280-1.

31 MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), pp. 596-8.

32 Ibid., pp. 620-1; PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 251, McLean to Green, Amherstberg, 17 August 1798.

33 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 112, Prescott to Portland, Quebec, 13 November 1798.

34 Ibid., Prescott to Portland, Quebec, 5 March 1799.

35 PAC, MG24, A6, Peter Hunter Papers, Hunter to Portland, Quebec, 28 December 1799.

36 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 252: MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), pp. 631-5, McLean to Sir John Johnson, Amherstburg, 24 May 1799.

37 PAC, RG8, C series. Vol. 252; MPHSC, Vol. 20 (1892), p. 637, Thomas McKee to William Claus, Amherstburg, 5 June 1799.

38 PAC, MG24, A6, Peter Hunter Papers, Distribution of Forces in Upper Canada, Quebec, 1 December 1799.

39 Charles M. Johnston, ed., Valley of the Six Nations, pp. 104-5, 105-9; W. L. Stone, op. cit., Vol. 2, Appendix, pp. xiv-xxxv, Iroquois Councils at Fort George, 8 October 1803, 29 June 1804 and 28 July 1806.

The Indian Department and the Northwest in the War of 1812 (1807-15)

1 For the effects of the Chesapeake Crisis on the affairs of Upper Canada and its significance in Anglo-American relations, see A. L. Burt, United States, pp. 241-8; Reginald Horsman, The Causes of the War of 1812 (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1962), pp. 102-4: E. A. Cruikshank, "The Chesapeake Crisis as it Affected Upper Canada," Ontario Historical Society, Papers and Records, Vol. 24 (1927), pp. 281-322, and Sir Isaac Brock, The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K. B., ed. F. B. Tupper (London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1847), pp. 60-3, Lieutenant Colonel Isaac Brock to Viscount Castlereagh, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, York, 25 July 1807.

2 Details of British defence measures for Canada are found in J. Mackay Hitsman. Safeguarding Canada, 1763-1871 (Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1965), pp. 71 ff.

3 Canada, Public Archives, Report on Canadian Archives for 1896 (Ottawa: 1897), p. 31, note B, Craig to Gore, Quebec, 6 December 1807.

4 MPHSC, Vol. 25 (1894), pp. 232-3, Craig to Gore, Quebec, 28 December 1807.

5 PAC, RG10, A4, Vol. 11, Gore to Claus, York, 29 January 1808, enclosing "Secret Instructions." An excellent brief account of the British intrigue among the tribes during this period is Reginald Horsman, "British Indian Policy in the Northwest, 1807-1812," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 45 (1958), pp. 51-66.

6 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 136; MPHSC, Vol. 25 (1894), pp. 239-40, Craig to Gore, Quebec, 10 March 1808.

7 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 136; MPHSC, Vol. 25 (1894), pp. 242-4, Colonel William Claus, Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, and James Girty, Interpreter, to Shawnee Assembled, Amherstburg, 25 March 1808.

8 PAC, RG10, A4, Vol. 11; MPHSC, Vol. 23 (1895), pp. 34-57, Indian, Council at Amherstburg, 11 and 13 July 1808.

9 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 256, Claus to Prideaux Selby, 18 January 1809.

10 E.A. Cruikshank, ed., Records of Niagara in the Days of Commodore Grant and Lieut.-Governor Gore, 1805-1811 (Niagara-on-the-Lake: Niagara Historical Society, 1931), p. 63, Claus to Selby, Indian Council House, Fort George, 10 August 1808.

11 Ibid., pp. 84-9, Proceedings of Councils with the Six Nations at the Council House, Fort George, 10 and 13 March 1809.

12 PAC, RG8, C series Vol. 256, copies of letters and documents regarding the charges and disagreements between the officer commanding at St. Joseph and the storekeeper of the Indian Department at that post, York, 26 February 1810.

13 PAC, RG10, A4, Vol. 3, the dispute at St. Joseph, 1810.

14 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 143; MPHSC, Vol. 25 (1894), pp. 269-70, Elliott to Claus, Amherstburg, 9 July 1810.

15 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 143; MPHSC, Vol. 25 (1894), pp. 275-77, Speech of Tecumseh to Major Taylor, commandant at Fort Malden, Amherstburg, 15 November 1810.

16 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 143; MPHSC, Vol. 25 (1894), pp. 277-78, Elliott to Claus, Amherstburg, 16 November 1810.

17 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 143, MPHSC, Vol. 25 (1894), pp. 280-81, Craig to Gore, Quebec, 2 February 1811.

18 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 143, Gore to Claus, York, 26 February 1811.

19 The religious doctrine of the Prophet found similar expression in the teachings of the Paiute, Wovoka, in 1889-90, and the philosophy of the Seneca, Handsome Lake. For example, to be a follower of the religion of Handsome Lake, a life concept known as Gaiwiio is to possess and express a somewhat nostalgic and deeply emotional identification with Indianness itself, as opposed to identification with white men, and white-dominated organizations, and in some cases of a desire for personal spiritual salvation achievable by a renunciation, of sin and the acceptance of the leadership of Handsome Lake and the Great Spirit. These themes are developed in Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1970), Robert M. Utley, The Last Days of the Sioux Nation (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1963), and Alvin, M. Josephy, The Patriot Chiefs: A Chronicle of American Indian Leadership (New York: Viking, 1961).

20 Western Intelligencer, 11 August 1811.

21 Scioto Gazette, 27 November 1811.

22 Western Intelligencer, 25 December 1811.

23 PAC, MG12, WO17, Vol. 1516, Strength returns, Canada, 25 November 1811.

24 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 673; Sir Isaac Brock, op. cit., pp. 123-30, Brock to Prevost, York, 2 December 1811.

25 For the diplomatic manoeuvring in the spring of 1812, see William R. Manning, ed., op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 613 ff., and Reginald Horsman, The Causes of the War of 1812 (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1962), pp. 208-16.

26 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol, 146; MPHSC, Vol. 25 (1894), pp. 295-304, Instruction for the Good Government of the Indian, Department, received by Sir George Prevost, Quebec, 1 May 1812.

27 Confidential statement of Robert Dickson, received at Fort George, 14 July 1812, in W. C. H. Wood, ed., Select British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812 (Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1920-28), Vol. 1, pp. 426-7.

28 Ibid.

29 In 1797, Dickson had married To-to-win, the sister of an influential chief of the Wah-pe-ton-wan Sioux. He had established a trading post at Lake Traverse in Minnesota and traded with most of the tribes on the upper Mississippi, but particularly with the Sioux.

30 Western Spy, 21 March 1812.

31 Quoted in E. A. Cruikshank, "Robert Dickson, the Indian Trader," Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. 12 (1892), p. 138.

32 Louise P. Kellogg, op. cit., p. 279.

33 Western Spy, 23 May 1812.

34 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 256: W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol 1, p. 424, Dickson, to J. B. Clegg, Military Secretary to Brock, 18 June 1812.

35 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 676, Claus to Brock, Amherstburg, 20 June 1812.

36 Ibid., John Askin, Jr., to W. Claus, Michilimackinac, 18 July 1812. Askin, never saw so determined a set of people as the Chippewa (Ojibway) and Ottawa. "Since the Capitulation. they have not tasted a single drop of liquor, nor even, killed a fowl belonging to any person, a thing never known before, for they generally destroy everything they meet with."

37 A. C. Casselman, ed., Richardson's War of 1812, with Notes and Life of the Author (Welland: Tribune Office, 1896-1908), pp. 26-46; Alec R. Gilpin, The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1958), pp. 96-7, 100-04.

38 Alec R. Gilpin, op. cit., pp. 126-8: Mentor L. Williams, ed., "John, Kinzie's Narrative of the Fort Dearborn Massacre," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. 46 (1953), pp. 343-62.

39 PAC, RG8, C series. Vol. 688; A. C. Casselman, ed., op. cit., pp. 49-92, Brock to Prevost, Detroit, 17 August 1812.

40 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 677: Charles M. Johnston, ed., Valley of the Six Nations, p. 197; and see G. F. G. Stanley, "The Indians in the War of 1812," Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 31, No.2 (June 1950), pp. 14S-65.

41 PAC, C series, Vols. 257, 1220, Prevost to J. McGill, J. Richardson. and William McGillivray, Quebec, 2 January 1813; Noah Freer, military secretary to Prevost, to Sir John Johnson, Quebec, 27 March 1813.

42 Benjamin Drake, The Life and Adventures of Black Hawk: With Sketches of Keokuk, the Sac and Fox Indians, and the late Black Hawk War (Cincinnati: E. Morgan and Co., 1850), pp. 63-4; Reginald Horsman, "Wisconsin and the War of 1812," Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol. 46 (1962), pp. 7-8.

43 W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2. pp. 7-9, Proctor to Sheaffe, Sandwich, 25 January 1813; and see J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812; A Military History (Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1965) (hereafter cited as Incredible War), p. 114, and Alec R. Gilpin, op. cit., pp. 164-71.

44 Quoted in E. A. Cruikshank, "Robert Dickson, the Indian, Trader," Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. 12 (1892), p. 145.

45 Louise P. Kellogg, op. cit., p. 300; Reginald Horsman, "Wisconsin and the War of 1812," Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol. 46 (1962), p. 8: E.A. Cruikshank, "Robert Dickson, the Indian Trader," Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. 12 (1892), p. 146; PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 257, Dickson to Procter, Michilimackinac, 21 June 1813, List of Warriors sent to Detroit.

46 W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 35, Procter to Prevost, 14 May 1813; and for the Fort Meigs campaign, see Alec R. Gilpin, op. cit., pp. 173-91; A. C. Casselman, ed., op. cit., pp. 148-77; J. Mackay Hitsman, Incredible War, pp. 127-8.

47 W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 43, Procter to Prevost, Sandwich, 4 July 1813.

48 Ibid.

49 Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 44, Procter to Prevost, Detroit, 9 August 1813.

50 For the battle of Fort Stephenson. see J. Mackay Hitsman, Incredible War, p. 150; Alec R. Gilpin, op. cit., pp. 205-7; A. C. Casselman, ed., op. cit., pp. 177-89.

51 W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 268, Barclay to Sir James Yen, commander of the British naval forces on the Great Lakes, 1 September 1813.

52 C. P. Stacey, "Another Look at the Battle of Lake Erie," Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 39 (1958), p. 51.

Undaunted by the loss of the Lake Erie route, the British managed to effectively supply the upper ports in 1814 by despatching provisions north from York, across Lake Simcoe to Georgian Bay and thence to Michilimackinac. This alternate route was vital as the upper posts held the key to the West.

53 W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 269, Procter to Prevost, Detroit, 6 September 1813.

54 A. C. Casselman, ed., op. cit., p. 206, Speech of Tecumseh in Council, Amherstberg, 18 September 1813.

55 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 680, Procter to Francis De Rottenberg, Civil and Military Administrator of Upper Canada, Ancaster, 23 October 1813.

56 Ibid.

57 MPHSC, Vol. 25 (1894), p. 556; E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Documentary History of the War of 1812 (Welland: Tribune Office, 1896-1908) (hereafter cited as Documentary History), Vol. 6, pp. 254-7.

58 A. C. Casselman, ed., op. cit., p. 218.

59 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Documentary History, Vol. 6, pp. 254-7; W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 322-3; and see Victor Lauriston, "The Case for General Procter," in Morris Zaslow, The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812: A Collection of Writings giving a Comprehensive Picture of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada (Toronto: Macmillan, 1964), pp. 121-9.

60 A. C. Casselman, ed., op. cit., p. 241; Alec R. Gilpin, op. cit., p. 226; J. Mackay Hitsman, Incredible War, p. 157.

61 For the battle of Beaver Dams, 24 June 1813, see E.A. Cruikshank, ed., Documentary History, Vol. 6, pp. 126-7, and Charles M. Johnston. ed., Valley of the Six Nations, pp. 199-206.

62 E. A. Cruikshank, ed., Documentary History, Vol. 4, p. 204, Charles Askin, to his father, John, 10 Mile Creek, 8 July 1813.

63 Ibid., Vol. 6, pp. 283-4, Porter to John Armstrong, Secretary of War, Black Rock, 27 July 1813.

64 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 682, Major General Phineas Riall to Lieutenant General Gordon Drummond, 7 January 1814.

65 MPHSC, Vol. 15 (1890), p. 551, Drummond to Prevost, Kingston, 3 May 1814.

66 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 1222, appointed as of 18 May 1814.

67 MPHSC, Vol. 15 (1890), p. 527, Drummond to Prevost, Kingston, 31 March 1814.

68 Charles M. Johnston, ed., Valley of the Six Nations, p. 206.

69 W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 605, Sheaffe to Prevost, Fort George, 13 October 1812; Charles M. Johnston, ed., Valley of the Six Nations, p. 206.

70 W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 109-10, Norton to Prevost, Burlington Bay, 1 June 1813.

71 G. F. G. Stanley, "The Indians in the War of 1812," Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 31 (1950), p. 186.

72 Charles M. Johnston, ed., Valley of the Six Nations, pp. 219-20, Noah Freer, military secretary to Prevost, to Drummond, Quebec, 1 March 1814.

73 MPHSC, Vol. 15 (1890), pp. 534-5.

74 Charles M. Johnston, ed., Valley of the Six Nations, p. 221, Norton, to William Jervois, aide-de-camp to Drummond, East End Beach, 30 May 1814.

75 W. C. H. Wood. ed., op. cit., Vol. 3, pp. 726-7, Speech of Neywash to Caldwell, Beach, 14 June 1814; Charles M. Johnston, ed., Valley of the Six Nations, pp. 221-2.

76 MPHSC, Vol. 15 (1890), pp. 594-5, letter from William Caldwell (unaddressed), Burlington, 22 June 1814.

77 Charles M. Johnston, ed., Valley of the Six Nations, pp. 222-3.

78 This theme is discussed in detail by Julius W. Pratt, "Fur Trade Strategy and the American, Left Flank in the War of 1812," American Historical Review, Vol. 40 (1935), pp. 246-73.

79 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 257; MPHSC, Vol. 15 (1890), pp. 423-4, Dickson, to Secretary Freer, Michilimackinac, 23 October 1813.

80 Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., "Dickson, and Grignon Papers, 1812-1815." Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. 9 (1882), p. 282, Dickson, to Lawe, 25 December 1813.

81 Ibid., pp. 289-92, 300, Dickson to Lawe, 4 February and 11 March 1814.

82 Ibid., p. 292, Dickson, to Lawe, 4 February 1814.

83 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 257, Speech of the Sioux chief Wabasha at the Michilimackinac Council, 5 June 1814.

84 W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 270, Prevost to Lord Bathurst, Secretary of State for war and the Colonies, Quebec, 10 August 1814.

85 Kingston Gazette, 26 August 1814. The paper reported that "nine or ten trunks full of Dickson's property was found, among which are papers and other belongings, some of which date back to 1786."

86 G. F. G. Stanley, "British Operations in the American Northwest, 1812-15," Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol. 22 (1943), p. 97.

87 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 685; MPHSC, Vol. 15 (1890), p. 611, McDouall to Drummond, Michilimackinac, 16 July 1814.

88 Ibid.

89 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 685: MPHSC, Vol. 15 (1890), p. 623, McKay to McDouall, Prairie du Chien, Fort McKay, 27 July 1814.

90 Ibid.

91 Kingston Gazette, 9 September 1814.

92 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 685; MPHSC, Vol. 15 (1890), p. 629, McDouall to Drummond, Michilimackinac, 28 July 1814.

93 W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 275, McDouall to Prevost, Michilimackinac, 14 August 1814.

94 General accounts of the battle of 4 August 1814 can be read in Alec R. Gilpin, op. cit., pp. 242-5, and J. Mackay Hitsman, Incredible War, pp. 204-5.

95 See E. A. Cruikshank, "An Episode of the War of 1812, The Story of the Schooner 'Nancy'," Ontario Historical Society, Papers and Records, Vol. 9 (1910), pp. 75-126.

96 MPHSC, Vol. 15 (1890), pp. 643-4; W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 278, McDouall to Drummond, Michilimackinac, 9 September 1814. The two captured vessels were renamed Surprise and Confiance.

97 For the battle at Rock Island Rapids, 21 July 1814, see MPHSC, Vol. 15 (1890), p. 622; Milo M. Quaife, "An Artilleryman of Old Fort Mackinac," Burton Historical Collection Leaflet, No. 6 (1928), pp. 39-40: Alec R. Gilpin, op. cit., pp. 249-50.

98 Milo M. Quaife, "An Artilleryman of Old Fort Mackinac," Burton Historical Collection Leaflet, No. 6 (1928), p. 40.

99 Thomas G. Anderson, "Journal at Fort McKay. August 10-November 23, 1814," Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. 9 (1882), p. 232, Anderson to McDouall, Captain "Tige" Anderson replaced McKay as the British commandant at Prairie du Chien in the summer of 1814.

100 Alec R. Gilpin, op. cit., p. 251; Reginald Horsman, "Wisconsin, and the War of 1812," Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol. 46 (1962), p. 13. Taylor lost 3 killed and 8 wounded.

101 See Appendix B for a typical invoice of gifts distributed to the tribes by the British Indian, Department in 1814.

102 PAC, RB8, C series, Vol. 258, Dickson to Drummond, Prairie du Chien, 17 January 1815.

103 Quoted in Louise A. Tohill, "Robert Dickson: A Story of Trade, War and Diplomacy" (M. A. thesis, Minnesota, 1927), p. 73.

104 Kingston Gazette, 29 April 1815; St. Louis newspaper dated 16 March 1815.

105 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 688, McDouall to Bulger, Michilimackinac, 5 May 1815; see also G. F. G. Stanley, "British Operations in the American Northwest, 1812-15," Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol. 22 (1943), p. 106; and for a discussion, of the political and diplomatic effects of the Treaty of Ghent on the Northwest, see Charles M, Gates. "The West in American, Diplomacy, 1812-1815," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 26 (1939-40), pp. 499-510.

106 Thomas G. Anderson, op. cit., p. 201.

107 W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 538, McDouall to Robinson, 21 July 1815.

The End of an Era (1815-30)

1 W. C. H. Wood, ed., op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 524; and see Vincent T. Harlow and F. Madden, eds., British Colonial Developments, 1774-1834 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), p. 481.

2 R. L. Fisher, "The Treaties of Portage de Sioux," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 19 (1933), pp. 495, 504-5.

3 Benjamin Drake, op. cit., p. 90.

4 MPHSC, Vol. 25 (1894), pp. 622-3.

5 Quoted in A. L. Burt, United States, p. 378, n. 16.

6 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 167, Addison, to McDouall, 15 July 1816.

7 PAC, MG12, WO17, Vol. 1523, Strength return, Canada, 25 December 1819.

8 For details, see A. L. Burt, United States, pp. 381-2.

9 Detroit, Public Library, Burton Historical Collection, William Woodbridge Papers, Austin, E. Wing to William Woodbridge, Detroit, 9 July 1815.

10 A. L. Burt United States, pp. 382-3.

11 PAC, RG8, C series, Vol. 258, Lt. Col. James to Governor Lewis Cass, Sandwich, 5 October 1815, and Evidence of the Kickapoo, Chemango, at the inquest of the murder of Akochis, Indian Reserve, Malden, 6 October 1815.

12 Over 2,000 Indians were rationed at Amherstburg in 1816; see Detroit, Public Library, Burton, Historical Collection. George Ironside Papers, Amherstburg, 14 December 1816.

13 Detroit, Public Library, Burton Historical Collection, Silas Farmer Papers, Lewis Cass to John C. Calhoun, Detroit, 3 August 1819.

14 Robert J. Surtees, "The Development of an Indian Reserve Policy in Canada." Ontario History, Vol. 61 (June 1969), p. 89.

15 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 388; V. T. Harlow and F. Madden, eds., op. cit., pp. 591-2, Colborne to Secretary R. W. Hay, York, 3 May 1829.

16 For Colborne's letter which provides an excellent and early example of the philosophy which eventually brought about the development of a paternal reserve system in Canada, see Appendix C.

17 PAC. RG19, A5a, Vol. 5, Kempt to Colborne, Quebec, 16 May 1829.

18 Ibid., Vol. 116. Murray to Kempt, 25 January 1830.

19 Robert J. Surtees, op. cit., p. 97.

20 Roy Harvey Pearce, The Savages of America, A Study of the Indian and the Idea of Civilization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1953), pp. 196-212.

21 Lydia H. Sigourney, Traits of the Aborigines of America, A Poem (Cambridge: Hilliard & Metcalf, 1822), pp. 177-8.

22 Robert J. Surtees, op. cit., p. 92.

23 PAC, RG10, C2, Vol. 456, General order, 13 April 1930.

Appendix A

1 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 319.

2 Greenville was written, as Grenville (SIC) by Wayne or his secretary throughout the articles of peace.

Appendix B

1 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 258.

Appendix C

1 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 388.

2 Reserves.