Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 23

Gaspé, 1760-1867

by David Lee

Endnotes

Preface

1 The earlier history of Gaspé is treated in David Lee, "The French in Gaspé, 1534 to 1760," Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History, No. 3 (1970), pp. 26-64.

2 Canada. Public Archives (hereafter cited as PAC), Report of the Public Archives of Canada . . . 1917-18 (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1920), App. C, pp. 57-9.

3 PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 296, No. 961, Vol. 512, No. 713; Canada (Province). Laws, Statutes, etc., Statutes of the Province of Canada (hereafter cited as CS), 16 Vict., caps. 30 and 93.

4 PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 411, No. 916.

Introduction

1 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 183, Pt. 1, pp. 150-8.

2 Chrétien Le Clercq, New Relation of Gaspésia, with the Customs and Religion of the Gaspésian Indians, trans. and ed. William F. Ganong (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1910), p. 63.

3 For further information on the geography and early history of Gaspé, see David Lee, op. cit.

4 J.-B.-A. Ferland, La Gaspésie (Quebec: A. Coté, 1877) (hereafter cited as La Gaspésie), pp. 174-5, 187.

5 See Judith Beattie, The Battle of the Restigouche, Manuscript Report Series No. 19 (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1968) and Bernard Pothier, The Battle of the Restigouche, 22 June - 8 July 1760, Manuscript Report Series No. 19 (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1971).

6 Quebec (Province). Archives, 'Paroisse de la Baye des Chaleurs, Bonaventure,' 'Gaspéz,' 'Risticouche [1765]' in "Le recensement des gouvernements de Montréal et des Trois-Rivières," in Rapport de l'archiviste de la Province de Québec (hereafter cited as RAPQ) pour 1936-1937 (Quebec: King's Printer, 1937), Vol. 17 (hereafter cited as "Le recensement"), pp. 113-6.

7 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 10, pp. 82-3.

8 PAC, MG21, Add. MSS, 21661-21892, Haldimand Papers (hereafter cited as Haldimand Papers), Vol. 202, pp. 6-17.

9 Joseph Bouchette, A Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada, with Remarks upon Upper Canada, and on the Relative Connexion of Both Provinces with the United States of America (London: W. Faden, 1815) (hereafter cited as Topographical Description), p. 582.

10 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 504, p. 23.

11 Jean-Chrysostome Langelier, Esquisse sur la Gaspésie (Lévis: Mercier et Cie, 1884), p. 9.

12 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 183, Pt. 1, pp. 150-8.

Gaspé and the Government: Introduction

1 Quebec (Province). Laws, Statutes, etc., Statutes of the Province of Lower Canada (hereafter cited as QS), 34 Geo. 3, cap. 6, art. XIV.

Government Presence In Gaspé

1 PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, Vol. 21, p. 7310; MG11, Q Series, Vol. 67, pp. 57-9; PAC, Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 1759-1791, ed. Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1918) (hereafter cited as Documents), Pt. 2, pp. 600-1, 607-8, 613; Thomas Ainslie, Canada Preserved; The Journal of Captain Thomas Ainslie, ed. Sheldon S. Cohen (Toronto: Copp, Clark, 1968), p. 94; Gazette (Quebec), 24 Aug. 1775, 16 Jan. 1794.

2 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 2-5.

3 Ibid., pp. 115, 226; PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, Vol. 113, p. 35860.

4 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 6-8, 56-8, 99-102, 168-73; PAC, RG10, B2, Vol. 329, C975, 29 June 1786; PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, pp. 9409-40.

5 PAC, Report of the Public Archives of Canada . . . 1917-18 (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1920), App. C, pp. 57-9; QS, 34, Geo. 3, cap. 6.

6 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 69, Pt. 1, p. 194, Vol. 78, pp. 164, 166-7, 311, Vol. 97, pp. 43-6, Vol. 104, p. 160; PAC, MG28, III, 18, Paspébiac Letterbooks of the Charles Robin Company (hereafter cited as Paspébiac Letterbooks), 12 and 17 June 1795; PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Vol. 15, pp. 52-4; PAC, MG24, A7, pp. 195-200, 381-3.

7 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 97, pp. 43-4, Vol. 104, p. 160, Vol. 109, p. 306, Vol. 157, Pt. 1, pp. 214, 218, Vol. 196, Pt. 2, pp. 278-9, Vol. 167, Pt. 2, p. 424, Vol. 178, pp. 212-8, 336-9; PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, Vol. 113, p. 35860; Quebec (Province). Legislature. Legislative Assembly, Journals of the House of Assembly of Lower Canada (hereafter cited as Quebec, Journals), 1822, p. 64; N.E. Dionne, "Les lieutenant-gouverneurs de Gaspé, Revue d'histoire de la Gaspé (hereafter cited as RHG), Vol. 3, No. 2 (April-June 1965), pp. 105-8; PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 209, pp. 444-6; PAC, MG8, F25, Vol. 3, p. 11.

8 Gustave Turcotte, Le conseil législatif de Québec, 1774-1933 (Beauceville: L'Eclaireur, 1933).

9 QS, 40 Geo. 3, cap. 1; QS, 42 Geo. 3, cap. 3.

10 For example, see Quebec, Journals, 1793, p. 340; ibid., 1801, pp. 64-6; ibid., 1815, pp. 532-6; Canada (Province). Legislative Assembly, Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada (hereafter cited as Canada, Journals), 1841, pp. 35-7; Quebec Mercury, 27 Nov. 1834.

11 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 209, pp. 444-6.

12 Michel LeMoignan, "Les députés de la Gaspésie (1792-1963)," RHG, Vol. 1, No. 3 (July-Sept. 1963), pp. 139-43.

13 PAC, RG1, L3^L, Vol. 125, pp. 61623-32; PAC, MG24, A12, Vol. 7, Pt. 1, 14 Oct. 1823, Vol. 8, Pt. 2, 5 Aug. 1824; PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1; PAC, RG10, B8, Vol. 119, Pt. 1, 9 Aug. 1843; PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, Vol. 31, pp. 10084-99.

14 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 5, p. 210.

15 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, p. 170.

16 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 61623-32; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 172, Pt. 1, pp. 210-1, Vol. 200, Pt. 1, pp. 123-36; Dr. Von Iffland, "Apperçu d'un voyage dans le district de Gaspé pendant les mois de mai, juin, juillet et une partie d'août 1821, par le docteur Von Iffland," RHG, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Jan-Mar. 1969), pp. 22-7, 39; PAC, MG24, A12, Vol. 8, Pt. 2, submission of 5 Aug. 1824; George Jehosaphat Mountain, "Visit to the Gaspé Coast," in RAPQ pour 1941-1942 (Quebec: King's Printer, 1942), Vol. 22, p. 342; PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 209, p. 445; Quebec, Journals, 1825, pp. 222-6, 1830, App. T; Canada, Journals, 1843, App. G, 1865, Sess. Pa. No. 37, 1866, Sess. Pa. No. 36.

17 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 5, pp. 117-20; ibid., Q Series, Vol. 39, pp. 139-40; Canada, Journals, 1843, App. G.

18 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 77-81.

19 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 61, Pt. 1, pp. 15-47; Paspébiac Letterbooks, 7 May 1791, 8 Sept. 1790.

20 QS, 34 Geo. 3, cap. 6.

21 PAC, MG24, B10, p. 243.

22 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 172, Pt. 1, pp. 208-13; QS, 2 Geo. 4, cap. 5; CS, 12 Vict., cap. 40; PAC, MG24, A12, Vol. 8, Pt. 2, 5 Aug. 1824, Vol. 9, Pt. 1, 6 Sept. 1824, Vol. 10, Pt. 1, 28 Feb. 1825; Quebec, Journals, 1825, pp. 222-6; Canada, Journals, 1843, App. G.

23 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, p. 206; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 36, Pt. 2, p. 414; Quebec, Journals, 1809, App. 17.

24 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 12, fol. 809; Quebec, Journals, 1814, pp. 402, 486; Quebec (Archdiocèse). Archives, Régistre de lettres, Vol. 8, pp. 377-80; George Jehosaphat Mountain, op. cit., p. 342; PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, Dec. No. 1.

25 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 229, Pt. 4, pp. 823-4; PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 328, No. 87; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 205, pp. 89-106, 122-5, 192-6; PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 588, No. 433.

26 PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 302, No. 882, filed with No. 1616.

The Needs of Gaspé

1 PAC, MG13, WO34, Vol. 12, pp. 123-4.

2 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 27-42.

3 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 45, Pt. 2, pp. 445-54.

4 Ibid., Vol. 26, Pt. 2, pp. 256-86; PAC, Report of the Public Archives of Canada . . . 1917-18 (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1920), App. C, pp. 48-9; PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, Vol. 29, pp. 9409-40.

5 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 28, p. 193.

6 Ibid., Vol. 7, pp. 129-30, Vol. 38, pp. 83-99; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 58, p. 49ff., Vol. 76, pp. 73-8; Joseph Bouchette, Topographical Description, pp. 586-7.

7 Maurice Séguin, La "Nation canadienne" et l'agriculture (1760-1850): essai d'histoire économique (Trois-Rivières: Editions Boréal Express, 1970), p. 211.

8 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 4.

9 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 64346-9; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 71, Pt. 2, pp. 474-6, Vol. 78, pp. 27-41, 221-32.

10 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 45, Pt. 2, pp. 395-402; PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 27017-26; Gazette (Quebec), 2 April 1789.

11 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 77, pp. 59-66.

12 Ibid., Vol. 98, pp. 11-12.

13 Quebec, Journals, 1818, pp. 113-4; QS, 59 Geo. 3, cap. 3.

14 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 172, Pt. 1, pp. 189-223; PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 27029-39, 27039-41, 27041-89; PAC, MG24, A12, Vol. 11; Quebec, Journals, 1823, App. M.

15 PAC, RG1, L7, Vols. 79-80.

16 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 229, Pt. 4, pp. 820-2; Quebec, Journals, 1830, App. T; PAC, RG1, L7, Vol. 79-80.

17 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 229, Pt. 4, pp. 820-2; Quebec, Journals, 1830, App. T; QS, 1 Will. 4, cap. 23.

18 Quebec, Journals, 1835-36, p. 84; QS, 6 Will. 4, caps. 52.

19 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 220, Pt. 1, pp. 91-4; Vol. 222, Pt. 1, pp. 131-5; CS, 10 & 11 Vict., cap. 30; Quebec, Journals, 1831-32, pp. 36-7, 1832-33, pp. 249-50, 285-6.

20 Canada, Journals, 1852-53, App. NN.

21 Quebec (Province). Dept. of Crown Lands, List of Lands Granted by the Crown in the Province of Quebec from 1763 to 31st December 1890, ed. J.-C. Langelier (Quebec: Queen's Printer, 1891), Vol. 1, pp. 13-14.

22 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 27-37.

23 Ibid., pp. 51-2, 70-2.

24 Ibid., pp. 94-6, 99-100, 120-1, Vol. 218, pp. 179-80.

2S Canada, Journals, 1843, App. G.

26 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 2.

27 Thomas Pye: Canadian Scenery; District of Gaspé (Montreal: J. Lovell, 1866), p. 21; David Lee, op. cit., pp. 47-51.

28 PAC, Documents, Pt. 1, p. 492.

29 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 64, pp. 109-14, Vol. 149, p. 336; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 25, pp. 178-9.

30 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1; Moses Henry Perley, Reports on the Sea and River Fisheries of New Brunswick. . . (Fredericton: J. Simpson, 1852), pp. 50-2, 86; PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 209, p. 445, Vol. 212, p. 356, Vol. 585, pp. 137-8.

31 D.C. Masters, Reciprocity, 1846-1911 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1961); Canada, Journals, 1864, Sess. Pa. No. 71; United States. Congress. House of Representatives, The Award of the Fishery Commission. Documents and Proceedings of the Halifax Commission, 1877, under the Treaty of Washington of May 8, 1871 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1878), Vol. 1, pp. 882-8; Vol. 2, pp. 1297-8; Vol. 3, pp. 3297-302.

32 For example, see Canada, Journals, 1865, Sess. Pa. No. 25; ibid., 1867-68, Sess. Pa. No. 43; Edward Thomas Davies Chambers, The Fisheries of the Province of Quebec (Quebec: King's Printer, 1912), Pt. 1, pp. 157-9.

33 Robin W. Winks, Canada and the United States: The Civil War Years (Montreal: Harvest House, 1971), pp. 88, 134; PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 628, No. 30, fols. 246-53; PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 506, No. 2436; PAC, MG24, A34, fols. 67-71.

34 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 654, No. 24, fols. 326-8; United States. Congress. House of Representatives, op. cit., Vol. 3, pp. 3297-302.

35 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 110, 128.

36 Quebec, Journals, 1817, App. B, Nos. 12, 13.

37 PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 239, No. 3137, Vol. 255, No. 1365.

38 Ibid., Vol. 311, No. 687, Vol. 370, Nos. 514, 1366, 1368, all filed with No. 1356, packet 2, Vol. 598, No. 1907.

39 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 172, Pt. 1, p. 214; Dr. Von Iffland, op. cit., pp. 19, 30-1.

40 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 1; ibid., C1, Vol. 20, No. 2647, Vol. 267, No. 2361 in file No. 2833.

41 Ibid., C1, Vol. 460, No. 901, Vol. 481, No. 1356, Vol. 514, No. 1193.

42 A.R. Kelley, ed., "Church and State Papers for the Years 1759 to 1786, Being a Compendium of Documents Relating to the Establishment of Certain Churches in the Province of Quebec, "in RAPQ pour 1948-1949 (Quebec: King's Printer, n.d.), Vol. 29 (hereafter cited as "Church and State Papers"), p. 334; Louis-Philippe Audet, Le système scolaire de la province de Québec (Quebec: Les Presses universitaires Laval, 1950-56), Vol. 4, pp. 196-7, 264.

43 Quebec, Journals, 1819, App. E, No. 13; L.-P. Audet, R.M. Stamp and J.D. Wilson, Canadian Education; A History (Scarborough: Prentice-Hall, 1970), pp. 145-66; Louis-Philippe Audet, op. cit., Vol. 4, pp. 138-9, 158, 171, 173, 206, 223.

44 J.-B.-A. Ferland, La Gaspésie, p. 186; Quebec (Archdiocèse). Archives, Régistre de lettres, Vol. 7, pp. 328-32; Réal G. Boulianne, "The French Canadians and the Schools of the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning, 1820-1829," Histoire sociale, Vol. 5, No. 10 (Nov. 1972), p. 156.

45 PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 201 (1847), No. 2650; Lionel Allard, "L'éducation en Gaspésie en 1855," RHG, Vol. 1, No. 2 (May-June 1963), pp. 65-70.

46 PAC, Report of the Public Archives of Canada . . . 1913 (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1914), pp. 68-9; ibid., 1914-15 (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1916), pp. 216-8; Lower Canada, Journals, 1804, p. 356, 1831, p. 503; QS, 47 Geo. 3, cap. 12; QS, 59 Geo. 3, cap. 38; QS, 4 Geo. 4, cap. 1 QS, 9 Geo. 4, cap. 42, QS, 6 Will. 4, cap. 57, CS, 4 & 5 Vict., cap. 36; Moses Henry Perley, op. cit., pp. 75-8.

47 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 220, 224-5; PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 224, Pt. 1, pp. 137-8; Quebec, Journals, 1830, App. T; PAC, RG4, B58, Vol. 4.

48 PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 459, No. 871; Quebec, Journals, 1814, p. 272, 484, PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 224, Pt. 1, pp. 137-8.

49 Paspébiac Letterbooks, 7 Oct. 1801; PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No 4; Quebec, Journals, 1823, App. P; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 183, Pt. 1, pp. 150-8.

50 Canada, Journals, 1865, Sess. Pa. No. 37.

51 Sir Richard Henry Bonnycastle, The Canadas in 1841 (London: H. Colburn, 1841), Vol. 2, pp. 201-30; PAC, RG4, B48, Vol. 1; Canada, Journals, 1846, App. GGG, 1849, App. H; CS, 7 Vict., cap. 45; CS, 9 Vict., cap. 13; CS, 8 Vict., cap. 97; PAC, MG24, H44; Joseph Obalski, Mines et minéraux de la province de Québec, par J. Obalski [Quebec]: 1889-90), pp. 79-80; James MacPherson Le Moine, The Lower St. Lawrence (Quebec: n.p., 1862), pp. 16-7.

52 Quebec, Journals, 1823, App. P.

S3 PAC, MG23, GIII, 24, Charles Robin Journals (hereafter cited as Charles Robin Journals), 11 Sept. 1767; Paspébiac Letterbook, 21 Sept. 1790, 29 Oct. 1790, 11 Nov. 1802.

54 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 219-20.

55 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 172, Pt. 1, pp. 206-8; PAC, MG24, A12, Vol. 6, Taschereau memo, 1820.

S6 Joseph Bouchette, The British Dominions in North America; or, A Topographical and Statistical Description of the Provinces of Lower and Upper Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward and Cape Breton. . . . (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1832) (hereafter cited as British Dominions), Vol. 1, pp. 323-33.

57 PAC, RG4, B48, Journal of Joseph Hamel, 1833; Canada, Journals, 1843, App. LL.

58 J.-B.-A. Ferland, La Gaspésie, p. 200.

59 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 172, Pt. 1, pp. 199, 206; Paspébiac Letterbooks, 12 Jan. 1792, 19 Nov. 1792, 10 Jan. 1793; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 183, Pt. 1, pp. 150-8; PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 2; Canada, Journals, 1865, Sess. Pa. No. 25.

60 PAC, MG24, A12, Vol. 10, 16 July 1825.

61 Quebec, Journals, 1831-32, p. 371; CS, 20 Vict., cap. 117; PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 370, Nos. 514, 1366, 1368, all in No. 1356, packet 2.

62 J.-B.-A. Ferland, La Gaspésie, p. 211.

63 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 504, fol. 24.

64 Quebec, Journals, 1830, App. T.

65 Ibid., 1828-29, pp. 60-1; ibid., 1832-33, pp. 31-2; Canada, Journals, 1841, pp. 35-7; PAC, MG11, CO387, Vol. 7, pp. 68-70.

66 Quebec, Journals, 1818, App. M, 1823, p. 109; Canada, Journals, 1843, App. G, 1844-45, App. AA; Joseph Bouchette, British Dominions, Vol. 1, pp. 323-33; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 259, Pt. 1, pp. 174-86; PAC, MG24, Al2, Vol. 7, pp. 563-8.

67 Canada, Journals, 1843, App. G, 1844-45, App. AA; PAC, MG24, A12, Vol. S, 20 Sept. 1822.

68 Quebec, Journals, 1830, App. T; Canada, Journals, 1844-45, App. AA.

69 Canada, Journals, 1846, App. GGG; Joseph Bouchette, British Dominions, Vol. 1, pp. 323-33; PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 296, No. 961, Vol. 312, No. 713, Vol. 319, No. 1772; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 172, Pt. 1, p. 216.

70 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 259, Pt. 1, pp. 174-86; Paspébiac Letterbooks, 30 April 1793, 21 May 1798, 23 April 1801; George Jehosaphat Mountain, op. cit., pp. 304-23; Quebec, Journals, 1830, App. T; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 220, Pt. 1, pp. 76-80.

71 PAC, MG24, F28, Vols. 1, 3; Raleigh Ashlin Skelton and Ronald Vere Tooley, The Marine Surveys of James Cook in North America, 1758-1768, Particularly the Survey of Newfoundland; A Bibliography of Printed Charts and Sailing-Directions (London: Map Collectors' Circle, 1967).

72 Pierre-Georges Roy, Les monuments commémoratifs de la province de Québec (Quebec: King's Printer, 1923), Vol. 2, p. 47; Edward F. Bush, The Canadian Lighthouse, Manuscript Report Series No. 58 (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1970), pp. 111-2.

73 Harold A. Innis and A.R.M. Lower, eds., Select Documents in Canadian Economic History, 1783-1885 (Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1933) (hereafter cited as Select Documents, 1783-1885), p. 673; PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 410, No. 868.

74 Harold A. Innis and A.R.M. Lower, eds., Select Documents, 1783-1885, p. 460.

75 PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 302, No. 882, filed with No. 1616; George Roy Stevens, Canadian National Railways (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1960), Vol. 2, pp. 328-34.

The Consequences of Neglect

1 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 196, Pt. 3, pp. 683-91.

2 Ibid., Vol. 172, Pt. 1, p. 206.

3 PAC, MG24, A12, Vol. 8, Pt. 2, 5 Aug. 1824.

4 Quebec, Journals, 1831-32, p. 371.

5 Canada, Journals, 1841, App. N.

6 Paspébiac Letterbooks, 17 Sept. 1794.

7 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 4; ibid., C1, Vol. 278, No. 1307.

8 Paspébiac Letterbooks, 17 Sept. 1794.

9 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 205, Pt, 1, pp. 89-106.

10 Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 99, Vol. 44, Pt. 1, pp. 21-2; PAC, MG11, CO188, Vol. 4, pp. 224-31.

11 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 172, Pt. 1, pp. 221-3.

12 Ibid., Vol. 205, Pt. 1, pp. 164-78, 182-210, Vol. 220, Pt. 1, pp. 69-80.

13 Ibid., Vol. 205, Pt. 1, pp. 182-210, Vol. 207, Pt. 4, pp. 998-1113.

14 Quebec, Journals, 1832-33, pp. 39-41.

15 PAC, MG11, CO387, Vol. 2, No. 157, Vol. 7, pp. 69-70; ibid., Q Series, Vol. 207, Pt. 2, pp. 444-64.

16 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 207, Pt. 2, pp. 444-64.

17 Ibid., Vol. 270, Pt. 3, pp. 674-6, Vol. 271, Pt. 1, pp. 94-7; Charles Edward Poulett Thomson, Baron Sydenham, Letters from Lord Sydenham, Governor-General of Canada, 1839-1841, to Lord John Russell, ed. Paul Knaplund (London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1931), pp. 44-6.

18 PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 278, No. 1307.

19 Canada, Journals, 1844-45, App. AA.

20 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 229, Pt. 4, pp. 820-2; Quebec, Journals, 1830, App. T.

Of Cod and Other Fish

1 J.-B.-A. Ferland, "Journal d'un voyage sur les côtes de la Gaspésie (hereafter cited as "Journal"), RHG, Vol. 8 (1970), No. 2, p. 89.

2 Ibid., No. 3, pp. 150, No. 4, pp. 209.

3 PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, Vol. 32, pp. 10282-7; Harold A. Innis, ed., Select Documents in Canadian Economic History, 1497-1783 (Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1929) (hereafter cited as Select Documents, 1497-1783), pp. 165-6.

4 Harold A. Innis and A.R.M. Lower, eds., Select Documents, 1783-1885, pp. 419-20; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 10, 14; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 172, Pt. 1, pp. 194-6; William Baker, Sloops and Shallops (Barre: Barre Publishing, 1966), pp. 102-5; Sir Richard Henry Bonnycastle, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 137, 194; PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 2, 4.

5 Joseph Bouchette, British Dominions, Vol. 1, pp. 323-33; PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2; Canada, Journals, 1866, Sess. Pa. No. 36; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 172, Pt. 1, pp. 194-6.

6 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 1, 4; J.-O. Plessis, "Journal de deux voyages apostoliques dans le golfe Saint-Laurent et les provinces d'en bas, en 1811 et 1812," Le Foyer Canadien, Vol. 3 (May-Nov. 1864), pp. 135-6; J.-B.-A. Ferland, "Journal," RHG, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1970), p. 90; Abbé Nérée Gingras, "Impressions de Gaspésie en 1857," Le Canada français, Vol. 26, No. 5 (Jan. 1939), p. 491.

7 George Jehosaphat Mountain, op. cit., p. 323; Joseph Bouchette, British Dominions, Vol. 1, pp. 323-33; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 204, Pt. 2, pp. 393-415; PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 1; L. Blais, "Missions de la Gaspésie - 1867," RHG, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Jan.-March 1967), pp. 12, 25.

8 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 1.

9 PAC, MG23, GIII, 15, 1798-99.

10 Quebec (Archdiocese). Archives, Journal of Monseigneur J.-O. Plessis, 1821, Vol. 7, fol. 189; ibid., Régistre d'insinuations, Vol. 1, fols. 84-86(v); Ivanhoë Caron, "Inventaire de la correspondance de mgr Joseph Signay, archevêque de Quebec" in RAPQ pour 1937-1938, . . . 1938-1939 (Quebec: King's Printer, 1938-39) (hereafter cited as "Inventaire, Signay"), Vol. 19, p. 286; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, p. 11.

11 Gaspé, A Military Town," RHG, Vol. 1, No. 2 (May-June 1963), pp. 80-2; Quebec, Journals, 1823, App. P.

12 PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, Vol. 19, pp. 6568-9.

13 Harold A. Innis, ed., Select Documents, 1497-1783, pp. 165-6.

14 QS, 28 Geo. 3, cap. 6. 1508, 4 Geo. 4, cap. l.

16 Charles Robin Journals, 18 and 22 June 1772.

17 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, p. 12.

18 Moses Henry Perley, op. cit., pp. 50-2.

19 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, 1820 Petition; PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 212, fol. 351.

20 Moses Henry Perley, op. cit., p. 86.

21 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 9, 12.

22 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 24, p. 62.

23 Statistics of fish exports from Gaspé and New Carlisle are available in the appendices and sessional papers of the journals of the assemblies of Lower Canada and Canada for most years between 1811 and 1867.

24 Canada, Journals, 1862, Sess. Pa. No. 11.

25 Ibid., 1865, Sess. Pa. No. 25.

26 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 2.

27 Quebec, Journals, 1828-29, p. 54.

28 Canada, Journals, 1865, Sess. Pa. No. 24; ibid., 1866, Sess. Pa. No. 36.

29 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 1; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 172, Pt. 1, pp. 198-9.

30 Canada, Journals, 1862, Sess. Pa. No. 11.

31 Ibid., 1865, No. 25.

32 Ibid.; ibid., 1867-68, Sess. Pa. No. 43.

33 Ibid., 1867-68, Sess. Pa. No. 43; ibid., 1862, Sess. Pa. No. 11.

34 Ibid., 1865, Sess. Pa. No. 25.

35 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 2: Canada, Journals, 1866, Sess. Pa. No. 36, 1867-68, Sess. Pa. No. 43; William Dawson, "A Week in Gaspé, The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist and Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Montreal, Vol. 3, No. 5 (Oct. 1848), pp. 324-6.

36 James MacPherson Le Moine, The Chronicles of the St. Lawrence (Montreal: Dawson Brothers, 1878), pp. 282-7; J.-B.-A. Ferland, "Journal," RHG, Vol. 9 (1971), No. 1, p. 261.

37 PAC, MG23, GV, 7, Carton 17, No. 20, Fonds Verreau; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, p. l.

38 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 39741-51; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, p. 14.

39 Arthur Charles Saunders, Jersey in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Containing an Historical Record of Commercial Enterprise. Privateering Activities of the Islanders, Charles Robin, Pioneer of the Gaspé Fisheries, and an Account of the Newfoundland Fisheries . . . (Jersey, Channel Islands: J.T. Bigwood, 1930), p. 214.

40 Charles Robin Journals, 9 Aug. 1768.

41 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, p. 8; PAC, MG23, C6, Series 1, Vol. 5, No. 1; PAC, MG23, I, 11, pp. 13-4, LeLacheur logbook.

42 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 44457-61; Arthur Charles Saunders, loc. cit.

43 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 1; PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 60467-8.

44 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 81825-7; PAC, RG4, B49, 9 Dec. 1831, 5 Oct. 1842.

45 Arthur Charles Saunders, loc. cit.; PAC, RG4, 844, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2; Sir Richard Henry Bonnycastle, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 206-19; PAC, MG24, D9, Vol. 2, pp. 328-31, 341-4, 370-3; PAC, MG11, C0217, Cape Breton "A," Vol. 40, pp. 100-2, 105-6, Vol. 41, pp. 8-13, 22.

46 Canada, Journals, 1865, Sess. Pa. No. 25; Thomas Pye, op. cit., pp. 29, 43; Joan Stevens, Victorian Voices; An Introduction to the Papers of Sir John Le Couteur, Q.A.D.C., F.R.S. (St. Helier: Société Jersiaise, 1969), p. 63.

47 Quebec, Journals, 1830, App. T; Canada, Journals, 1862, Sess. Pa. No. 11, 1865, Sess. Pa. No. 25; Thomas Pye, op. cit., pp. 17, 43.

48 PAC, MG23, GIII, 15.

49 Dr. Von Iffland, op. cit., p. 37; Arthur Charles Saunders, op. cit., p. 214; Quebec (Province). Archives, Inventaire des concessions en fief et seigneurie, fois et hommages et aveux et dénombrements conservés aux archives de la province de Québec, par Pierre-Georges Roy (Beauceville: L'Eclaireur, 1927-29) (hereafter cited as Inventaire), Vol. 1, p. 223; PAC, RG1, L7, Vol. 79, Nos. 101, 115; PAC, MG23, C6, Series 1, Vol. 5, 1789; James MacPherson Le Moine, Maple Leaves: A Budget of Legendary, Historical, Critical and Sporting Intelligence (Quebec: A. Côté, 1906), Vol. 7, pp. 322-3.

50 Arthur Charles Saunders, op. cit., p. 214.

51 Dr. Von Iffland, op. cit., pp. 26, 36.

52 Quebec, Journals, 1830, App. T; J.-B.-A. Ferland, "Journal," RHG, Vol. 8 (1970), No. 2, p. 83, No. 3, p. 141, No. 4, p. 210; Sir Richard Henry Bonnycastle, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 194; PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 2; Moses Henry Perley, op. cit., pp. 50ff.; Thomas Pye, op. cit., p. 44.

53 Thomas Pye, op. cit., p. 44; Moses Henry Perley, op. cit., p. 50.

54 Moses Henry Perley, op. cit., p. 49; PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 4; Arthur Daniel Hart, The Jew in Canada; A Complete Record of Canadian Jewry from the Days of the French Régime to the Present Time (Toronto: Jewish Publications, 1926); E.C. Woodley, "The Hymans off Gaspé," RHG, Vol. 11, No. 2 (April-June 1973), pp. 74-8.

55 Dr. Von Iffland, op. cit., p. 35; J.-B.-A. Ferland, "Journal," RHG, Vol. 8 (1970), No. 3, pp. 150-1.

56 Gazette (Montreal), 4 March 1818.

Governor Haldimand and His Seigneury at Pabos

1 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 66, pp. 7-8; Quebec (Province). Archives, Inventaire, Vol. 4, pp. 127-30.

2 Charles Robin Journals, 18 Aug. 1768.

3 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 68, pp. 114-22.

4 Ibid., Vol. 66, pp. 11-2, Vol. 19, p. 16.

5 Ibid., Vol. 68, pp. 232-8.

6 Ibid., Vol. 19, p. 102.

7 Ibid., Vol. 71, pp. 254-61, 337-40, 354-7.

8 Quebec (Province). Archives, Inventaire, Vol. 4, pp. 127-30.

9 Charles Robin Journals, 18 Aug. 1768.

10 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 66, pp. 11-12, Vol. 19, p. 16.

11 Ibid., Vol. 77, pp. 101ff., Vol. 202, pp. 91, 162, 227.

Charles Robin and His Company

1 The greater part off this chapter is based on two sources: the Charles Robin Journals, 1767-74, and the Paspébiac Letterbooks, 1790-1802. Hereafter only sources other than the above will be cited.

2 J.A. Messervy, "Notices sur quelques anciennes families jersiaises," Bulletin de la Société Jersiaise, Vol. 32 (1907), pp. 156-94; George Reginald Balleine, ed., A Biographical Dictionary of Jersey (London: Staples Press, n.d.), pp. 563-6; Arthur Charles Saunders, op. cit.

3 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia "A," Vol. 98, pp. 50-3.

4 Ibid., Q Series, Vol. 9, pp. 8-12.

5 Ibid., Vol. 10, pp. 82-3.

6 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 18-45; Arthur G. LeGros, "Charles Robin on the Gaspé Coast," RHG, Vol. 4 (1966), No. 2, pp. 88, 91-3.

7 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 119, pp. 96-7; Vol. 202, p. 71.

8 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 81825-7.

9 PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, Vol. 44, pp. 14508-14509v; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 45, pp. 507-9, Vol. 47, pp. 54-9, 69-70.

10 Jersey. Etats, Judicial Greffier, will dated 3 Dec. 1819.

11 Arthur Charles Saunders, op. cit., p. 214, memoir written by Charles Robin after his retirement.

12 Fernand Oueliet, Histoire éasconomique et sociale du Québec, 1760-1850; structure et conjoncture (Montréal: Fides, 1966), pp. 303-5.

13 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 169, pp. 5-15.

14 PAC, MG24, 84, Vol. 2, pp. 47-8.

15 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 9, pp. 8-12, Vol. 26, pp. 267-77; PAC, Documents, Pt. 2, pp. 827-8; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 166-7, 174-9.

16 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 169, pp. 5-15.

17 Arthur G. LeGros, op. cit., Vol. 4 (1966), No. 3, pp. 150-8, No. 4, pp. 194-204.

18 Harold A. Innis, The Cod Fisheries; The History of an International Economy (Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1954) (hereafter cited as Cod Fisheries), p. 279.

19 Canada, Journals, 1846, App. Y; Patrice Gallant, Les régistres de la Gaspésie, 1752-1850 (Montreal: Société généalogique canadienne-française, 1961), p. 273.

20 J.-O. Plessis, op. cit., p. 128.

21 Thomas Pye, op. cit., p. 42.

22 J.-B.-A. Ferland, "Journal," RHG, Vol. 8 (1970), No. 4, pp. 210-2.

23 Abbé Nérée Gingras, op. cit., p. 492.

24 Arthur G. LeGros, op. cit., Vol. 4, No. 4.

25 Quebec, Journals, 1823, App. T, testimony of J. Barth.

26 Moses Henry Perley, op. cit., pp. 50-2.

27 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 183, Pt. 1, pp. 150-64.

28 Quebec, Journals, 1830, App. T.

29 J.-B.-A. Ferland, La Gaspésie, p. 186.

30 Canada, Journals, 1865, Sess. Pa. No. 25.

31 Ibid., Sess. Pa. No. 37.

32 Harold A. Innis and A.R.M. Lower, eds., Select Documents, 1783-1885, pp. 728-9.

33 Harold A. Innis, Cod Fisheries, p. 428.

34 Harold A. Innis and A.R.M. Lower, eds., Select Documents, 1783-1885, p. 294.

The People of Gaspé: Introduction

1 PAC, MG11, CO387, Vol. 7, pp. 68-70.

The French

1 PAC, MG6, C2, pièces 1-9, liasse 7, list of refugees; Quebec (Province), Archives, "Le recensement," p. 115.

2 PAC, MG18, M, Series 3, Vol. 24, No. 2.

3 Charles Robin Journals, 29 July 1768.

4 PAC, MG1, C¹¹A, Vol. 105, Pt. 2, p. 567.

5 Judith Beattie, op. cit., pp. 33-4.

6 Régis Sygefroy Brun, ed., 'Livre pour le dénombrement des families acadiennes refugiées le long des côtes de l'Acadie, Commencé au barécoi de la Malbaye le 31^e juillet 1761,' in "Régis Sygefroy Brun nous révèle deux documents," RHG, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1970), pp. 35-6; PAC, MG13, WO34, Vol. 1, pp. 160-5.

7 PAC, MG13, WO34, Vol. 1, pp. 35-6, 74, Vol. 12, p. 123.

8 Pierre du Calvet, The Case of Peter du Calvet, esq., of Montreal, in the Province of Quebeck. . . (London: n.p., 1784), pp. 25-7.

9 Ibid., pp. 90-2, 95-6, 103, 110, 123-4, 165-6.

10 William F. Ganong, "The History of Caraquet," Acadiensis, Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 1907), pp. 98-106.

11 Quebec (Province). Archives, "Le recensement," pp. 113-5.

12 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 6-8, 17A.

13 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 10, pp. 82-3.

14 Ibid., Vol. 26, Pt. 1, pp. 287-94; Paspébiac Letterbooks, 30 April 1792; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, p. 12.

15 L. Blais, op. cit., p. 12.

16 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 151-2; J.-B.-A. Ferland, La Gaspésie, p. 211; Abbé Nérée Gingras, op. cit., pp. 483-97.

17 Pierre du Calvet, op. cit., p. 22.

18 Quebec (Province). Archives, "Le recensement," pp. 113-4; PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 27-42.

19 PAC, RG1, L3^L; PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 2, Pt. 1, p. 132; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 38, pp. 247-51.

20 Ivanhoë Caron, Inventaire de la correspondance de mgr Bernard-Claude Panet, archevêque de Québec," in RAPQ pour 1933-1934, . . . pour 1934-1935, . . . 1935-1936 (Quebec: King's Printer, 1934-36) (hereafter cited as "Inventaire, Panel"), Vol. 16, p. 241; Thomas Pye, op. cit., p. vi.; L. Blais, op. cit., p. 27; M.H. Perley, op. cit., pp. 49-50.

21 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 229, Pt. 4, pp. 820-2.

22 PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 393, No. 1397.

23 Canada, Journals, 1862, Sess. Pa. No. 11.

24 Ivanhoë Caron, 'Inventaire, Signay,' Vol. 19, p. 286.

25 Carmen Roy, La littérature orale en Gaspésie (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1955), p. 15.

26 Paspébiac Letterbooks, 31 Aug. 1792; Patrice Gallant, op. cit., esp. pp. 18, 71, 72, 74, 103, 119, 244, 251, 261, 275, 288.

27 Ivanhoë Caron, Inventaire de la correspondance de mgr Joseph-Octave Plessis, archevêque de Québec,"in RAPQ pour 1927-1928, . . . pour 1928-1929, . . . pour 1932-1933 (Quebec: King's Printer, 1928-29, 1933) (hereafter cited as "Inventaire, Piessis"), Vol. B, pp. 234-5, 311; Ivanhoë Caron, "Inventaire, Panet," Vol. 14, p. 363, Vol. 15, pp. 328, 361.

28 J.-B.-A. Ferland, La Gaspésie, p. 184.

29 J.-O. Plessis, op. cit., p. 129.

30 Bona Arsenault, Histoire et généalogie des Acadiens (Québec: Le conseil de la vie française en Amérique, 1965), pp. 248, 254-6.

31 Raymond Gingras, "Le district de Gaspé en 1833: qui en était responsable?" RHG, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Jan.-March 1971), p. 232.

32 Ivanhoë Caron, "Inventaire de la correspondance de mgr Jean François Hubert, évêque de Québec, et de mgr Charles-François Bailly de Messein, son coadjuteur," in RAPQ pour 1930-1931 (Quebec: King's Printer, 1931) (hereafter cited as "Inventaire, Hubert"), Vol. 11, p. 320; ibid., "Inventaire, Plessis," Vol. 13, p. 176; J.-B.-A. Ferland, "Journal," RHG, Vol. 8 (1970), pp. 100-5; J.-O. Plessis, op. cit.; J.-B.-A. Ferland, La Gaspésie.

33 Ivanhoë Caron,"Inventaire, Plessis," Vol. 8, pp. 311-2; ibid., 'Inventaire, Signay,' Vol. 19, p. 271; Québec (Archdiocese). Archives, Régistre d'insinuations, Vol. 1, fols. 84-6(v); J.-O. Plessis, op. cit., pp. 123-5, 129-30.

34 J.-O. Plessis, op. cit., p. 135; Ivanhoë Caron, "Inventaire, Panet," Vol. 14, pp. 354, 363.

35 Ivanhoë Caron, "Inventaire, Panet," Vol. 14, p. 411; J.-O. Plessis, op. cit., p. 135.

36 Ivanhoë Caron, "Inventaire, Signay," Vol. 19, p. 271.

The British

1 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 43-4; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 27, pp. 98-103; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 176, Pt. 3, pp. 693-4.

2 Quebec (Province). Archives, "Le Recensement," pp. 114-5.

3 Charles Robin Journals, 31 Aug. 1772; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 10, 100; PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 5, p. 210.

4 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 2367, 63716-8.

5 Quebec (Province). Archives, "Le recensement," pp. 114-5.

6 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 5, pp. 117-20; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 220-1; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 100, pp. 14-5, 280; Pierre-Georges Roy, Les juges de la province de Québec (Quebec: King's Printer, 1933), p. 397; Quebec, Journals, 1799, App. No. 9, pp. 82-8.

7 Quebec, Journals, 1797, p. C2; ibid., 1793, p. 6; ibid., 1809, App. No. 17; PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2; Dr. Von Iffland, op. cit., pp. 30-1; PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, p. 20818.

8 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 142-4, 149-50, Vol. 169, pp. 5-15; Wilbur H. Siebert, "The Loyalist Settlements on the Gaspé Peninsula, " Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd ser., Vol. 8, Sect. 2 (1914), pp. 399-405.

9 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 203, 229-30, Vol. 168, pp. 29-32; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 26, Pt. 1, pp. 116, 252-5.

10 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 63, pp. 355-9.

11 Ibid., Vol. 202, pp. 168-71, 196-7, 207, 229, Vol. 64, pp. 41, 88, 238.

12 Ibid., Vol. 202, pp. 201-2.

13 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 26, Pt. 1, pp. 287-94; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 64, pp. 112-4.

14 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 64346-9; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 78, pp. 216-32.

15 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 197-8, 204, Vol. 64, p. 377.

16 Ibid., Vol. 63, p. 356.

17 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 81829-37; Quebec, Journals, 1823, App. T, testimony of E.I. Mann; Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, p. 229.

18 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 64, pp. 43-4, 88, 112-4, 373-5, 376, Vol. 63, pp. 322, 348, 3S4; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 26, Pt. 1, pp. 287-94; A.R. Kelley, ed., "Church and State Papers," p. 334; RG4, A1, S Series, Vol. 31, pp. 10084-99.

19 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 206, 229-30; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 39, pp. 139-40, Vol. 42, pp. 203, Vol. 43, Pt. 2, pp. 557-8; Quebec, Journals, 1819, pp. 50-1, 1823, App. T; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 37, pp. 279-81; George Jehosaphat Mountain, op. cit., pp. 306-7; J.-O. Plessis, op. cit., p. 262; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 61, Pt. 1, pp. 33-5; Ontario. Bureau of Archives, Report, 1904 (Toronto: King's Printer, 1905), pp. 333-5; PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, pp. 20903-5.

20 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 143, 164, 217, 224; ibid., Vol. 64, pp. 112-4; Paspébiac Letterbooks, 1 March 1798.

21 J.-O. Plessis, op. cit., p. 84.

22 See Patrice Gallant, op. cit.

23 PAC, MG23, C6, Series 1, Vol. 5, No. 1; George Jehosaphat Mountain, op. cit., pp. 304-44; Armine Wale Mountain, A Memoir of George Jehosaphat Mountain . . . Late Bishop of Quebec, Compiled (at the Desire of the Synod of that Diocese) by his Son, Armine W. Mountain (Montreal: J. Lovell, 1866), pp. 68-77, 105-7, 201-5, 320-1, 379, 405-7; A.R. Kelley, ed., "Historical Records of the Church of England in the Diocese of Quebec, "in RAPQ pour 1946-1947 (Quebec: King's Printer, n.d.), Vol. 27, pp. 264-91; Thomas Reigh Millman, Jacob Mountain, First Lord Bishop of Quebec; A Study in Church and State, 1793-1825 (Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1947), pp. 254-7

24 Armine Wale Mountain, op. cit., pp. 71-3, 105, 201-05.

25 "Inventaire des régistres de l'état civil du district judiclaire de Gaspé, division de Bonaventure, conservés à New-Carlisle," BRH, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Feb. 1931), pp. 107-8.

26 Dr. Von Iffland, op. cit., pp. 23-4.

The Indians

1 PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, Vol. 40, p. 13055; PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp 30462-3, 75400-2; Dr. Von Iffland, op. cit., p. 36.

2 Pére Pacifique de Valigny, Etudes historiques et geographiques (La tribu des Micmacs) (Restigouche, P.Q.: Printed for the author, 1942), pp. 111, 124, 128, 150; PAC, MG23, A1, Vol. 10, No. 2499; PAC, Fr. Charts, Vi, map by Jacques l'Hermitte, 1724.

3 Quebec, Journals, 1799, App. No. 9, pp. 82-3; J.-O. Plessis, op. cit., p. 262.

4 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 137, p. 195; Ivanhoë Caron, "Inventaire, Panet," Vol. 14, p. 393; Pacifique de Valigny, op. cit., p. 160.

5 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 137, pp. 196-7.

6 PAC, MG1, C¹¹A, Vol. 105, fol. 321, 1760 census; Quebec (Province), Archives, "Le recensement," p. 116; PAC, MG24, A12, Vol. 7, p. 562, 1840; PAC, RG10, B2, Vol. 329, C975, Wilkie Report, 1840; Canada (Province). Legislative Assembly. Special Commission Appointed to Investigate Indian Affairs in Canada, Report of the Special Commissioners Appointed on the 8th of September, 1856, to Investigate Indian Affairs in Canada (Toronto: Queen's Printer, 1858) (hereafter cited as CLASC, Report of the Special Commissioners), pp. 32, 34.

7 PAC, MG1, C¹¹A, Vol 105, fol. 321, 1760 census; J.-O. Plessis, op. cit., pp. 129-30; PAC, RG4, C1, Vol. 460, No. 901; CLASC, Report of the Special Commissioners, p. 32.

8 Charles Robin Journals, 1767-68.

9 PAC, RG1, L3^L, Vol. 110, p. 54061, Vol. 125, pp. 61623-32.

10 PAC, RG10, B8, Vol. 119, Pt. 1, Russell Report, 9 Aug. 1843; ibid., B2, Vol. 329, C975, Wilkie Report 1840; CLASC, Report of the Special Commissioners, pp. 32-3.

11 CLASC, Report of the Special Commissioners, p. 32.

12 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Vol. 12, pp. 4-5.

13 Philip K. Bock, The Micmac Indians of Restigouche: History and Contemporary Description (Ottawa: [Dept. of the Secretary of State], 1966), pp. 17-8; PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 270, pp. 326-7; Canada (Province). Indian Department, Report on the Affairs of the Indians in Canada, Laid before the Legislative Assembly, 20 March 1845 (Kingston: Queen's Printer, 1845) (hereafter cited as Indians in Canada), p. 23.

14 Pacifique de Valigny, op. cit., pp. 164, 166; PAC, RG10, B8, Vol. 119, Pt. 1, Russell Report, 1840; CLASC, Report of the Special Commissioners, p. 32; Canada (Province). Indian Department, Report from the Indian Department of the Province of Canada for the Half-Year ended 30th June, 1864 (Quebec: Hunter Rose, 1865), pp. 4, 24; J.-B.-A. Ferland, La Gaspésie, pp. 243-6, 15 PAC, MG13, WO34, Vol. 12, pp. 90-2, 95-6, 103, 110, 123-4, 165-6.

16 PAC, Documents, Pt. 1, p. 164.

17 Ibid., p. 166.

18 Indian-Eskimo Association of Canada, Native Rights in Canada, eds. Peter A. Cumming and Neil H. Mickenberg, (Toronto: General Publishing and Indian-Eskimo Association of Canada, 1972), pp. 85-8.

19 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 2733-6, 76977-8; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 4, pp. 230-1.

20 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 4, pp. 269-70; PAC, MG23, A1, Vol. 1, No. 1111.

21 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 217, pp. 143-5; Ivanhoë Caron, "Inventaire, Signay," Vol. 18, p. 116.

22 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, p. 106

23 Ibid., Vol. 217, pp. 303-6.

24 Ibid., Vol. 202, pp. 150-1.

25 Ibid., p. 180.

26 Ibid., pp. 184-5; PAC, RG4, A1, S Series, p. 9490.

27 Arthur G. LeGros, "Charles Robin on the Gaspé Coast," RHG, Vol. 4, No. 4, (1966), 17 March 1787.

28 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 186-8, 223.

29 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 37, pp. 279-81.

30 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 169, pp. 5-15.

31 Ibid., Vol. 63, p. 358.

32 PAC, RG10, B2, Vol. 329, C975, Account of Council, 29 June 1786.

33 PAC, RG2, L3^L, pp. 64346-9; Quebec (Province). Archives, Inventaire, Vol. 6, pp. 52-4.

34 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 54053-68, PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 27, Pt. 2, pp. 622-3.

35 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 28, pp. 190-1.

36 PAC, RG10, B2, Vol. 329, C975, Land Commission adjudications, No. 298, 299, 532; ibid., Narrative of the boundary dispute, 6 Sept. 1838; PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 31515-8.

37 Pacifique de Valigny, op. cit., p. 153.

38 PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 45, pp. 445-54.

39 Ibid., Vol. 39, pp. 139-40, Vol. 42, pp. 2-3.

40 Quebec, Journals, 1819, pp. 50-1.

41 J.-O. Plessis, op. cit., p. 262.

42 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 80334-7; PAC, RG10, B2, Vol. 329, C975, Land Claim No. 298.

43 Robert Cooney, A Compendious History of the Northern Part of the Province of New Brunswick and the District of Gaspé, in Lower Canada (Halifax: J. Howe, 1832), p. 217; J.-B.-A. Ferland, La Gaspésie, pp. 237-8.

44 PAC, RG10, A3, Vol. 86, Duchesnay to Napier, 7 Feb. 1833; ibid., B2, Vol. 329, C975, Duchesnay to the Civil Secretary, 20 Feb. 1834; PAC, MG11, Q Series, Vol. 220, pp. 108-16.

45 PAC, RG1, L3^L, p. 54049.

46 PAC, RG10, B2, Vol. 329, C975, Christie to Busteed and Bourdon, 18 May 1838.

47 Ibid., petition of 21 May 1838.

48 Ibid., Wilkie Report, 1 June 1840.

49 PAC, RG10, B8, Vol. 119, Pt. 1, Russell Report, 1843.

50 Ibid.

51 Ibid., Pt. 2.

52 Ibid., B2, Vol. 329, C975, Chief Mully to the governor general, 18 Sept. 1850.

53 CS, 14 & 15 Vict., cap. 106.

54 PAC, MG11, CO42, Vol. 609, No. 61, fols. 589-91.

55 CLASC, Report of the Special Commissioners, p. 33.

56 See also PAC, RG10, AS, Vol. 261, S1393.

57 Ibid., B2, Vol. 329, C975, with adjudications Nos. 229, 532.

S8 Canada, Department of Indian Affairs, Schedule of Indian Reserves in the Dominion. Supplement to Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs for the year ended March 31, 1913 (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1913), p. 10.

59 QS, 47 Geo. 3, cap. 12.

60 QS, 4 Geo. 4, cap. 1.

61 PAC, MG24, A12, Vol. 8, Pt. 2, Aug. 1824.

62 PAC, RG4, B44, Vol. 1, Dalhousie to Bathurst, 14 Nov. 1826; Canada (Province). Indian Department, Indians in Canada, p. 276.

63 Narcisse Henri Edouard Faucher de St-Maurice, De tribord à babord; trois croisières dans le golfe Saint-Laurent, nord et sud (Montreal: Duvernay Frères et Dansereau, 1877), pp. 344-8.

64 PAC, RG1, L3^L, pp. 80334-7; QS, 9 Geo. 4, cap. 42.

65 QS, 6 Will. 4, cap. 57.

66 QS, 4 and 5 Vict., cap. 36.

67 Haldimand Papers, Vol. 202, pp. 186-8.

68 PAC, RG10, B2, Vol. 329, C975, Wilkie Report, 1 June 1840.

69 CLASC, Report of the Special Commissioners, p. 34.

70 PAC, RG10, B3, Red (Eastern) Series, No. 173288.

71 Canada, Dept. of Indian Affairs, op. cit., p. 10.