Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 23

Blockhouses in Canada, 1749-1841: A Comparative Report and Catalogue

by Richard J. Young

Endnotes

Part I: A Comparative Study

Origins

1 Harold R. Shurtleff, The Log Cabin Myth; A Study of the Early Dwellings of the English Colonists in North America, repr. ed. (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1967), p. 96.

2 Ibid., p. 105.

3 Ibid., p. 107.

4 Ibid., p. 108.

5 Ibid., p. 10.

6 Ibid., p. 12.

Seven Blockhouses: A Comparison of their Construction Details

1 Canada. Public Archives (hereafter cited as PAC), MG12, WO55, Vol. 1820, pp. 15-6.

2 The construction details of these seven blockhouses are documented in Part II of this report. See also the following manuscripts on file with National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa: George Ingram, "The West Blockhouse, St. Andrews: A Structural Report" (1965) and "A Structural History of Coteau-du-Lac" (1965); J.N. Emerson, H.E. Devereux and M.F. Ashworth, "A Study of Fort St. Joseph" (1966); David Lee, "Fort Wellington: A Structural Report" (1966), and R. Laverty, "Report on the Narrows Blockhouse" (1967).

The Conquest of Acadia: Stockaded Forts and Peninsular Biockhouses of Early Nova Scotia

1 Francis Parkman, A Half-Century of Conflict (Toronto: George N. Morang, 1899), Vol. 1, p. 198.

2 PAC, MG1, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 62, p. 209, Lawrence to Lords of Trade, 26 Dec. 1758.

3 Ibid., Vol. 34, p. 210, Cornwallis to Lords of Trade, 24 July 1749.

4 Ibid., Vol. 54, p. 225, Lawrence to Lords of Trade, 5 Dec. 1753.

5 Ibid., Vol. 35, p. 50, Cornwallis to Lords of Trade, 11 Sept. 1749.

6 Ibid., p. 106, Cornwallis to Bedford, 14 Oct. 1749.

7 Ibid., p. 165, Cornwallis to Lords of Trade, 7 Dec. 1749.

8 Ibid., Vol. 37, p. 11, Cornwallis, 1 May 1750.

9 Ibid., Vol. 36, p. 281, Cornwallis to Lords of Trade, 30 April 1750.

10 Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 159, Cornwallis to Bedford, 19 Aug. 1750.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid., Vol. 39, pp. 171-2, Cornwallis to Lords of Trade, 27 Nov. 1750.

13 Ibid., Vol. 41, p. 34, Lords of Trade to Cornwallis, 22 March 1751.

14 Ibid., Vol. 42, pp. 191-5, Cornwallis to Lords of Trade, 24 June 1751.

15 Harry Piers, "The Old Peninsular Blockhouses and Road at Halifax, 1751; Their History, Description, and Location," Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol. 22 (1933), pp. 135 ff.

16 PAC, MG11, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 53, p. 110, Hopson to Lords of Trade, 26 May 1753.

17 PAC, MG21, ES, BM Add. MSS 19072, fol. 52-89, pp. 33-4.

18 Ibid., p. 47, Lawrence to Hopson, 18 June 1753.

19 PAC, MG11, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 55, p. 155, Lawrence to Lords of Trade, 14 June 1754.

20 Ibid., Vol. 61, pp. 183-4, Monckton to Lords of Trade, 13 Oct. 1757.

Blockhouses and Coastal Batteries In the War of 1812

1 James Hannay, History of New Brunswick (Saint John: J. A. Bowes, 1909), p. 319.

2 Nova Scotia. Public Archives (hereafter cited as PANS), Documents of Nova Scotia, Vol. 214, p. 293, Minutes of Council, 3 July 1812.

3 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1456, p. 36, Lt. Col. Gibbons to Capt. McLaughlan, 23 March 1813.

4 Ibid., McLaughlan to Nicolls, 12 May 1813.

5 Ibid., Gibbons to McLaughlan, 23 March 1813.

6 Ibid., Report on the defences of St. Andrews, Capt. McLaughlan to Gustavus Nicolls, 12 May 1813.

7 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 146, p. 176, "Report of the Forts, Batteries, and also the Field ordnance composing the Ordnance Establishment in New Brunswick" (hereafter cited as "Report of Forts, Batteries. . . in New Brunswick"), 1 Nov. 1815.

8 For a detailed history of these proceedings, see George Ingram, "The West Blockhouse, St. Andrews; A Structural Report." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1965.

9 Nova Scotia Legislature. House of Assembly, Journal and Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia (Halifax: King's Printer, 1812), p. 7.

10 PANS, RG1, Vol. 226, No. 123, Abstract of warrants paid by treasurer for erecting blockhouses and batteries, 1813.

11 PANS, RE52, Report on forts in Nova Scotia, Jan. 1813.

12 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 1558, Pt. 6, p. 44, Ince's report on military lands, 1856. See also Part 2 of this report.

13 PANS, RE53, Report on forts, 1816.

14 Ibid., Report on forts, 1834.

15 On the basis of Lt. Pooley's map of Liverpool Harbour, 1820; see Fig. 20. The map is in the Public Archives of Nova Scotia.

16 PANS, RE52, Report on forts, Jan. 1814.

17 PANS, RE53, Report on forts, Jan. 1834.

18 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 6, p. 81, Ince's report on military lands, 1856.

19 PANS, RE52, Report on forts, Jan. 1813.

20 Ibid., Jan. 1814.

21 PANS, RG1, Vol. 226, No. 123.

22 PANS, RE52, Report on forts, Jan. 1810.

23 PANS, RG1, Vol. 59, No. 60, Sherbrooke to Bathurst, 6 Nov. 1812.

Blockhouses and the Defence of River Communications

1 PAC, MG21, G1, B, Haldimand Papers, Vol. 54, p. 24, Haldimand to Germain, 12 Oct. 1778.

2 Ibid., Vol. 154, p. 84, Twiss to Haldimand, 1 Oct. 1778.

3 Ibid., p. 177, Twiss to Haldimand, 9 Dec. 1778.

4 Ibid., p. 371, Twiss to Haldimand, 12 Jan. 1782.

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid., p. 139, Twiss to Haldimand, 8 March 1779.

7 Ibid., p. 146, Twiss to Haldimand, 19 March 1779.

8 Ibid., Vol. 54, pp. 178-9, Haldimand to Germain, 14 Sept. 1779.

9 Ibid., Vol. 154, p. 279, Twiss to Haldimand, 11 Jan. 1781.

10 Ibid., p. 325, Haldimand to Twiss, 1 March 1781.

11 Ibid., p. 328, Twiss to Haldimand, 5 March 1781.

12 Ibid., p. 365, Twiss to Haldimand, 22 Dec. 1781.

13 Ibid., Vol. 54, p. 36, Haldimand to Germain, 15 Oct. 1778.

14 Ibid., p. 221, Haldimand to Germain, 24 Oct. 1779.

15 Ibid., Vol. 154, p. 220, Twiss to Haldimand, 2 Dec. 1779.

16 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 387, p. 5, Bruyeres to Prevost, 14 Jan. 1813.

17 Ibid., Vol. 38, pp. 141-2, Lt. Col. Hughes to Bruyeres.

18 Ibid., Vol. 377, p. 5, Bruyeres to Prevost, 16 Jan. 1813.

19 Ibid., Vol. 1203-1/2, p. 5, 24 Oct. 1813.

20 Ibid., Vol. 388, p. 250, Nicolls to Prevost, 31 Dec. 1814.

21 Ibid., p. 253.

22 Ibid., p. 256.

23 Ibid., p. 264.

24 Ibid., p. 258.

25 Ibid., Vol. 387, p. 7, Bruyeres to Prevost, 14 Jan. 1813.

26 Ibid., pp. 10 ff., Bruyeres to Prevost, 19 Jan. 1813.

27 PAC, RG8, Series 11, Vol. 13, pp. 17-8.

28 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 388, p. 258, Nicolls to Prevost, 31 Dec. 1814.

29 Ibid., Vol. 683, p. 121, Drummond to Prevost, 15 May 1814.

30 Ibid., Vol. 388, p. 262, Nicolls to Prevost, 31 Dec. 1814.

31 Ibid., Vol. 387, p. 10, Bruyeres to Prevost, 19 Jan. 1813.

32 Ibid., Vol. 388, p. 263, Nicolls to Prevost, 31 Dec. 1814.

33 Ibid., Vol. 1454, p. 282, Nicolls to McLaughlan, 13 Sept. 1812.

34 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 145, p. 23, Ordnance In-Letters, Nicolls's report on the defences of New Brunswick, 14 Nov. 1812.

35 PANS, RE53, Report on forts, 1835.

36 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 145, p. 24, Nicolls's report on the defences of New Brunswick, 14 Nov. 1812.

37 PANS, RE52, Report on forts, Jan. 1817

38 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 20, p. 123, Nicolls to Byham, 30 July 1832.

39 Ibid., Vol. 19, pp. 368-9, Fanshawe and Lewis, Report of the Committee Assembled to consider various matters relating to the Rideau Canal, 28 June 1828.

40 Ibid., p. 372, Kempt, Fanshawe and Lewis, 1 Dec. 1827.

41 Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, "Canada Water Communications," Report No. 135, Accounts and Papers Relating to Colonies; Canada; East Indies; New South Wales; Van Dieman's Land (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1830-31), Vol. 9, pp. 122-3, By to Mann.

42 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 20, p. 428, By to Durnford, 14 Jan. 1832.

Blockhouses and Harbour Defence

1 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1557, Pt. 1, pp. 8-10, Richmond to Debbeig, 28 June 1766.

2 PAC, MG11, CO194, Vol. 35, p. 40, Report on the state of the fortifications at St. John's, Newfoundland, Robert Pringle (copyist), 1 Aug. 1780.

3 Based on A.J.H. Richardson, "History of the Signal Hill Area, St. John's, Nfld." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1962; and on George Ingram, "A Structural History of the Fortifications and Military Buildings at Signal Hill, Nfld." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1964.

4 PAC, MG12, WO34, B67, Vol. 15, p. 383, Bastide to Amherst, 19 June 1761.

5 Ibid., p. 87, Bastide to Amherst, 24 July 1762.

6 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 94, p. 207, Suffolk to Legge, 16 Oct. 1775.

7 Ibid., p. 237, Legge to Dartmouth, 4 Nov. 1775.

8 Ibid., Vol. 96, p. 146, enclosure in letter from Massey to Germain, 5 Sept. 1776.

9 Robert Morse, "Report on Nova Scotia by Col. Robert Morse, R.E., 1784," in Canada. Public Archives, Report on Canadian Archives, 1884 (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1885), p. xiv.

10 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1427, p. 67, Straton to Green, 14 June 1796.

11 PAC, MG18, L4, Amherst Family Papers, Packet 36, p. 25, Spry's report on the defences of Halifax, 1 Sept. 1778.

12 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 96, p. 146, W. Spry to Massey, 4 Sept. 1776.

13 Robert Morse, op. cit.

14 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Series 2, Vol. 2, Prince Edward to Portland, 29 Oct. 1796.

15 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 4, p. 16, Fenwick to Board of Ordnance, 20 Jan. 1800.

16 PANS, RE52, Report on forts, Jan. 1810.

17 Ibid.

18 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 97, p. 347, Massey to Germain, 10 Dec. 1777.

19 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 3, p. 61, Morse's report on Nova Scotia, 1783.

20 PAC, MG11, CO188, New Brunswick A, Vol. 6, p. 168, T. Carleton to Dundas, 6 March 1794.

21 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 145, p. 25, Ordnance In-Letters, Nicolls to Sherbrooke, 14 Nov. 1812.

22 Ibid., Vol. 146, p. 177, "Report of Forts, Batteries . . . in New Brunswick," 1783.

23 Ibid., Vol. 144, p. 7, Report on batteries in New Brunswick, 25 Sept. 1811.

24 Ibid.

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid., Vol. 146, p. 177, "Report of Forts, Batteries . . . in New Brunswick," 1 Nov. 1815.

27 Ibid., Vol. 144, p. 7, Report on batteries in New Brunswick, 25 Sept. 1811

28 Robert Morse, op. cit.

29 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1454, p. 226, McLaughlan to Nicolls, 16 July 1812.

30 Ibid., p. 231, Nicolls to McLaughlan, 25 July 1812.

31 Ibid., p. 264, Smith to McLaughlan, 30 Aug. 1812; ibid., p. 226, McLaughlan to Nicolls, 16 July 1812.

32 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 145, p. 104, Report on batteries and ordnance in New Brunswick, 30 April 1813.

33 Ibid., Vol. 146, p. 177, "Report on Forts, Batteries . . . in New Brunswick," 1 Nov. 1814.

34 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1454, p. 298, Nicolls to McLaughlan, 6 Nov. 1812.

35 Ibid., pp. 309-10, McLaughlan to Smyth, 19 Nov. 1812.

36 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Series 1, Vol.7, pp. 65-6, Portland to Dorchester, 13 Aug. 1794.

37 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1706, Report of the fortified military posts in both the Canadas, Capt. Bruyeres to Noah Freer, 24 Aug. 1811.

38 PAC, MG11, CO42, Q Series, Vol. 146, Prevost to Liverpool, Report on the military situation in Canada, 18 May 1812.

39 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 387, p. 13, Bruyeres to Prevost, 19 Jan. 1813.

40 Ibid., Vol. 556, p. 69, Clark to Grant, 31 Oct. 1815.

41 "Map of Kingston and Vicinity," Lt. H.L. Renny, RE, 14 June 1816.

42 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 680, p. 166, Capt. Marlow to Major Darrock, 11 Oct. 1813.

43 "Map of Kingston and Vicinity," Lt. Renny, 14 June 1816.

44 Ibid.

45 Ibid.

46 PAC, RG8, Series 11, Vol. 31, p. 22, Bonnycastle, "A Statement of the Barracks at Kingston."

47 Ibid., p. 33, Bonnycastle, "A Statement of the whole extent of the Ordnance Lands in the Kingston District."

Blockhouse Barracks of Fort George, Fort Amherstburg and Fort St. Joseph

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 383, p. 18, Capt. Bruyeres' report, 1806.

2 See Fig. 45.

3 For a general history of Fort George, see Robert A. Allen, "A History of Fort George." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1966.

4 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 383, p. 6b, Bruyeres' report on forts, 1803.

5 Ibid.

6 PAC, Map Division, H4/450, Niagara-Fort George, 1799.

7 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1706, Freer Papers, Bruyeres' report on forts in the Canadas, 24 Aug. 1811.

8 Ibid., Vol. 678, Vincent to Prevost, 28 May 1813.

9 For a short general introduction to the history of Fort Malden, see David Lee, "Fort Malden, Preliminary Report." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1964.

10 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 383, pp. 13, 15, 16, Bruyeres report, 1803.

11 David Lee, "Fort Malden, Preliminary Report." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1964.

12 For a good general history of the post, see David Lee, "The Fort at St. Joseph Island." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1966.

13 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Vol. 17, p. 242, Green to Drummond, 8 April 1797.

14 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 673, p. 77, Drummond to Green, 9 Sept. 1797.

15 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Vol. 18, p. 142, Green to Drummond, 25 Jan. 1798.

16 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol.383, pp. 18-21, Bruyeres' report, 1803.

17 Ibid., Vol. 1706, p. 138, Bruyeres' report on forts in Upper Canada, 24 Aug. 1811.

18 See David Lee, "The Fort at St. Joseph Island." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1966.

Part II: A Catalogue

Amherst Island Blockhouse, 1839?

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 878, p. 72, Lt. Col. Hughes to Col. Halkett, 27 July 1840.

Amherstburg, Bois Blanc Island Blockhouse, 1796

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1705, p. 34, Freer Papers, anonymous report on the state of Upper Canada in 1800.

Amherstburg, Naval Yard Blockhouses, 1797

1 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Series 1, Vol. 18, p. 137, Green to McLean, 19 Jan. 1798.

2 Ibid., Vol. 20, p. 73, Green to McLean, 22 April 1799.

3 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 383, pp. 15-6, Bruyeres' Report on Forts, 1803.

4 Ibid., Vol. 1706, p. 138, Bruyeres Report on Forts, 1811.

Amherstburg, No. 1 Blockhouse, 1796

1 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Series 1, Vol. 17, p. 142, James Green, Military Secretary to Capt. Mayne, 25 Nov. 1796.

2 Ibid., p. 164, Green to Mayne, 25 Dec. 1796.

3 Ibid., Vol. 18, p. 59, Green to Capt. Hector McLean, 2d RC. Vrs., commanding at Amherstburg, 19 Oct. 1797.

4 Ibid., Vol. 19, p. 137, Green to McLean, 19 Jan. 1798.

5 Ibid., p. 37, Green to McLean, 28 June 1798.

6 Ibid., p. 142, Green to McLean, 10 Sept. 1798.

7 Ibid., p. 155, Green to McLean, 20 Sept. 1798.

8 Ibid., Vol. 20, p. 146, Green to McLean, 22 July 1799.

9 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 383, p. 13, Capt. Bruyeres' Report on Forts, 1803.

10 Ibid., p. 219, Capt. Highes, 29 Sept. 1804.

11 Ibid., Vol. 384, p. 133, Capt. Muir to Gother Mann, 7 June 1806.

12 Ibid., Vol. 1706, p. 137, Lt. Col. Bruyeres' Report on Forts, 24 Aug. 1811. For a history of the post, see David Lee, "Fort Malden, Preliminary Report." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1964.

Ash Island Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 388, p. 175, Payne to Noah Freer, 20 Sept. 1814.

2 Ibid., p. 181, Payne, 22 Sept. 1814.

Baie Verte Blockhouse, 1756

1 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1820, p. 59, William Nesbitt, Halifax, 18 Oct. 1766.

Bridge Island Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 388, p. 261, Nicolls to Prevost, 31 Dec. 1814.

2 Ibid., Vol. 683, p. 121, Lt. Gen. Drummond to Prevost, 8 May 1814.

3 Ibid., Vol. 556, p. 29, report on Bridge Island, 6 Oct. 1815

4 Ibid., Vol. 556, p. 31.

Burlington Blockhouses, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 388, p. 140, Lt. Col. Hughes to Engineers' Office, Montreal, 1814.

2 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 13, p. 9, Lt. Col. Durnford's report on fortifications, 20 Nov. 1816.

3 Ibid., Vol. 6, Pt. 2, Carmichael Smyth, Report on Forts, 1825.

Châteauguay Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 388, p. 122, Hughes to Engineers' Office, 13 May 1814.

2 Ibid., p. 120, Hughes to Freer, 23 May 1814.

3 Ibid., p. 145, Hughes to Engineers' Office, Montreal, 1 June 1814.

4 Ibid., Vol. 555, p. 45, W. Bordevices to Major Courtland, 1 Aug. 1815.

5 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 878, p. 51, 20 Mar. 1843.

Chaudière River Blockhouse, 1778

1 PAC, MG12, G1, B54, Add. MSS. 21714, p. 14, F. Haldimand to Germain, 15 Oct. 1778.

Chimney Island Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 388, pp. 256-7, Nicolls to Prevost, 21 Dec. 1814.

Chippawa Blockhouse, 1794

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 511, p. 168, Gother Mann, CRE, 15 Sept. 1794.

2 George Heriot, Travels through the Canadas, Containing a Description of the Picturesque Scenery on Some of the Rivers and Lakes, with an Account of the Productions, Commerce, and Inhabitants of those Provinces, reprint of 1807 ed. (Rutland: C.E. Tuttle), p. 166.

3 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 383, p. 10, Bruyeres Report on Forts, 1803.

4 Ibid., Vol. 1706, p. 136, Bruyeres Report on Forts, 24 Aug. 1811.

5 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 13, p. 12, Durnford Report, 20 Nov. 1816.

Coteau-du-Lac Blockhouses, 1779

1 PAC, MG21, G1, B, Vol. 154, p. 174, Capt. Twiss, CRE, to Haldimand, 2 Dec. 1776.

2 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 388, p. 142, Hughes' Report on Coteau-du-Lac, 1 June 1814.

Coteau-du-Lac, Octagonal Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 387, p. 5, Bruyeres to Prevost, 14 Jan. 1813.

2 Ibid., Vol. 388, p. 141, Hughes, Report on Coteau-du-Lac, 1 June 1814.

3 Ibid., Vol. 556, p. 149, Major Van Cortland to Lt. Col. Forster, 28 Nov. 1815.

4 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 81, p. 41, Durnford Report, 24 Sept. 1823.

5 Ibid., Vol. 6, Pt. 1, Carmichael Smyth, Report on Forts, 1825.

6 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1897, Quarterly Return of Barracks, 31 Dec. 1837. For detailed history of the post and structural report, see George Ingram, "A History of Coteau-du-Lac," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1965; and "Structural History of Coteau-du-Lac," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, n.d.

Dartmouth Blockhouse, 1750

1 PAC, MG11, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 39, p. 77, W. Davidson, Secretary to the Province of Nova Scotia, to Lords of Trade, 8 Nov. 1750.

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1820, p. 7, Report on Halifax Forts, 1758.

Digby Blockhouse, 1812

1 PANS, RE52, Report on Forts, July 1813.

2 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

3 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 6, p. 77, Ince's Report on Military Lands, 1856.

Digby Gut, East and West Blockhouses, 1812

1 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 6, p. 81, Ince's Report on Military Lands, 1856.

2 Ibid., p. 84.

Fort Anne, Annapolis Royal, Bastion Blockhouse, 1812

1 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 144, p. 93, Nicolls's Report on Forts and Batteries in Nova Scotia, 1 Jan. 1812.

2 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

3 Pascal Poirier, "Historic Sites of Acadia." Acadiensis, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Oct. 1902), p. 229.

Fort Edward Blockhouse, Windsor, Nova Scotia, 1750

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 36, p. 159, Cornwallis to Duke of Bedford, 24 Mar. 1749.

2 Ibid., Vol. 37, p. 215, Hugh Davidson to Lord Duplin, 16 June 1750.

3 Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 42, Cornwallis to Lords of Trade, 10 July 1750.

4 Robert Morse, op. cit., p. xlviii.

5 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 6, Pt. 1, p. 29, Carmichael Smyth, Report on Forts, 1825, App. A.

Fort Erie Blockhouse, 1796

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 383, p. 11, Bruyeres Report on Forts, 1803.

2 George Heriot, op. cit., p. 174.

Fort George, Centre Blockhouse, 1796

1 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Vol. 17, pp. 121-2, Green to Major Shank, 7 Nov. 1796.

2 Ibid., pp. 333-4, Green to Lt. Col. McDonnell, 19 June 1797.

3 Ibid., Vol. 19, p. 158, Green to McDonnell, 20 Sept. 1798.

4 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 383, p. 6(b), Bruyeres' Report, 1803. For the history of the post, see Robert Allen, "A History of Fort George." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1966.

Fort George, North and South Blockhouses, 1797

1 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Vol. 17, p. 191, Green to Shank, 30 Jan. 1797.

2 Ibid., p. 366, Green to McDonnell, 17 July 1797.

3 Ibid., Vol. 18, pp. 8-9, Green to McDonnell, 13 Sept. 1795.

4 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 383, pp. 6b-c, Bruyeres' Report, 1803.

Fort George, Octagonal Blockhouse, 1798

1 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Vol. 18, pp. 114-5, Green to McDonnell, 23 Dec. 1797

2 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 383, p. 60, Bruyeres' Report, 1803.

3 Ibid., p. 106, Jan. 1804.

Fort Lawrence Blockhouses, 1750

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 38, p. 158, Cornwallis to Lords of Trade, 19 Aug. 1750.

Fort Sackville Blockhouse, 1749

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 35, p. 50, Cornwallis to Lords of Trade, 11 Sept. 1749.

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1820, p. 9, report on Halifax fortifications: "Fort near ye Bason," 1758.

Fort Saint John Blockhouse, 1778

1 PAC, MG21, G1, Vol. 154, pp. 67-8, Hockings to Haldimand, 1 Oct. 1778.

2 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1706, p. 135, Freer Papers, Bruyeres report on state of forts, 24 Aug. 1811.

Fort St. Joseph Blockhouse, 1797

1 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Vol. 17, p. 189, Green to McLean, 30 Jan. 1797.

2 Ibid., p. 192, Green to Capt. Drummond, 30 Jan. 1797.

3 Ibid., pp. 240-1, Green to Shank, 7 April 1797.

4 Ibid., pp. 241-2, Green to Drummond, 8 April 1797.

5 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 673, p. 77, Peter Drummond to Green, 9 Sept. 1797.

6 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Vol. 18, p. 142, Green to Drummond, 25 Jan. 1798.

7 Ibid., Vol. 20, p. 65, Green to Drummond, 22 April 1799.

8 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 512, p. 142, Robert Coswell to Nicolls, 1 Aug. 1801.

9 Ibid., Vol. 383, pp. 18-9, Bruyeres' Report, 1813.

10 Ibid., p. 50, Mann to Green, 11 April 1803.

12 George Heriot, op. cit., p. 191. For a history of the post and archaeological report respectively, see David Lee, "The Fort at St. Joseph Island," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1966; and J.N. Emerson, H.E. Devereux and M.F. Ashworth, "A Study of Fort St. Joseph," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1966.

Gananoque Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 387, p. 10, Bruyeres to Prevost, 19 Jan. 1813.

2 Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 263, Nicolls to Prevost, 31 Dec. 1814.

3 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 6, Pt. 1, p. 13, Carmichael Smyth Report, 1825.

Grassy Island Blockhouse, Canso, Nova Scotia

1 PAC, MG18, F8, p. 16, Private Letter-book of Paul Mascarene, Mascarene to Secretary of State and Lords of Trade, 1 Dec. 1743; for the history of this fort, see "The Fort on Grassy Island," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Ottawa, 1962.

Halifax, Citadel Blockhouse, 1776

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 96, p. 145, Massey to Germain, 4 Sept. 1776.

2 PAC, MG18, L4, Packet 36, F-25, p. 25, Report on the Defences of Halifax, 1 Sept. 1778.

3 Robert Morse, op. cit., p. xliv.

4 Thomas Beamish Akins, "History of Halifax City," Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol. 8 (1892-94), reprint ed. (Toronto: The Canadian House, 1967), p. 97.

Halifax, Fort Coote Blockhouse, 1776

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 96, p. 144, Massey to Germain, 4 Sept. 1776.

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 3, p. 49, Col. Robert Morse's Report on Nova Scotia, 1784.

Halifax, Fort Needham (Advanced) Blockhouse, 1808

1 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 4, pp. 33-9, Lt. Col. McLaughlan to Gen. Morse, 2 March 1808.

2 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 144, p. 91, Nicolls, Report on the state and strength of forts and batteries in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 1 Jan. 1812.

3 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 862, p. 580, Arnold to Gen. Mason, 18 July 1825.

Halifax, Georges Island Blockhouse, 1795

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 121, p. 159, Capt. Straton's estimate enclosed in Prince Edward's letter to Dundas, 19 May 1795.

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 4, p. 15, Capt. Fenwick to Board of Ordnance, 20 Jan. 1800.

Halifax, McAlpine's Blockhouse, 1808

1 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 4, p. 39, McLaughlan to Morse, 2 March 1808.

2 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 385, p. 20, Nicolls to Prevost, 25 May 1808.

3 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 144, p. 91, Report on forts and batteries, Nicolls, 1 Jan. 1812.

Halifax, Naval Yard Blockhouses, 1775

1 PAC, MG11, CO5, Vol. 162, p. 175, W. Spry, CRE, 26 Dec. 1775.

2 Ibid., CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 96, p. 144, Massey to Germain, 5 Sept. 1776.

3 PAC, MG18, L4, Packet 36, F-25, p. 28, Spry's report on Halifax defences, 13 June 1778.

4 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 4, p. 49, Morse's report on Nova Scotia, 1784.

Halifax, Naval Yard, Maugher's Blockhouse, 1762

1 PAC, MG12, WO34, B67, Vol. 15, p. 87, J.H. Bastide to Amherst, 24 July 1762.

2 PAC, MG12, WO34, Vol. 12, p. 495, Resolutions of a Council of War at Halifax, 21 July 1762, enclosed in Col. Forester's letter to Amherst, 24 July 1762.

Halifax, Peninsular Blockhouses, 1750

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 50, p. 54, memorial of John Lewes to Lords of Trade, 1752.

2 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1820, p. 10, report on forts at Halifax, 1758.

Halifax, York Redoubt Blockhouse, 1794

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 120, pp. 298-9, Edward to Dundas, 11 Nov. 1794.

2 Ibid., Vol. 124, p. 139, Edward to Duke of Portland, 29 Oct. 1796.

Kingston, Murney's Point Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 680, p. 166, Marlow to Darrock, 11 Oct. 1813.

2 Ibid., Vol. 273, p. 58, 1818.

Kingston, No. 1 Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 680, pp. 134=5, Maj. Gen. Darrock to Prevost, 3 Oct. 1813.

2 Ibid., p. 166, Capt. Marlow to Darrock, 11 Oct. 1813.

Kingston, No. 2 Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 680, p. 166, Marlow to Darrock, 11 Oct. 1813.

2 Ibid., Vol. 395, p. 141, 17 July 1816.

3 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 31, p. 22, "Nine Returns," 1830.

4 Ibid., p. 31.

Kingston, No. 3 Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 680, p. 166, Marlow to Darrock, 11 Oct. 1813.

2 Ibid., Vol. 273, pp. 58-9, Kingston Headquarters, 2 April 1817.

Kingston, No. 5 Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 31, p. 22, "Nine Returns," 1830.

Kingston, Point Frederick Blockhouses, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 387, p. 13, Bruyeres to Prevost, 19 Jan. 1813.

2 Ibid., pp. 60-1, Lt. S. Kitson, 2S Mar. 1813.

3 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 31, p. 26, "Nine Returns," 1830.

Kingston, Point Henry Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 387, p. 13, Bruyere to Prevost, 19 Jan. 1813.

Kingston Mills Blockhouse, 1831

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 749, p. 155, Lt. Col. T. Cubitt to Capt. Goldie, 7 Aug. 1838.

Kingston, Snake island Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 556, p. 690, George Clark to D. Grant, 31 Oct. 1816.

2 Ibid., p. 68, William Gibson to Lt. Col. Fraser, 31 Oct. 1815.

3 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 13, p. 17, Col. Durnford's Report on Forts, 1816.

4 Ibid., Vol. 31, "Nine Returns," ordnance 1830.

Labrador, Fort York Blockhouse, 1767

1 PAC, MG11, CO5, Vol. 161, p. 60, Dartmouth to Townshend, 26 Feb. 1773.

2 Ibid., CO194, Vol. 32, p. 64, Dartmouth to Rear Adm. Duff, 2 June 1775.

3 Ibid., p. 102, Duff to Dartmouth, 14 Nov. 1775.

LaColle Bridge Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 388, p. 122, Lt. Col. Hughes to Engineers' Office, 23 May 1814.

2 Ibid., pp. 180 ff., Capt. Payne to Engineers' Office, 22 Sept. 1814.

3 Ibid., p. 176, Capt. Payne to Noah Freer, 20 Sept. 1814.

LaColle Mill Blockhouse, 1781

1 PAC, MG21, B, Vol. 154, p. 324, Twiss to Haldimand, 12 Jan. 1782.

Lawrencetown Blockhouse, 1754

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 13, pp. 36-7, Lawrence to Lords of Trade and Plantations, 1 June 1754.

2 Ibid., Vol. 55, p. 108, Lawrence to Lords of Trade, 1 June 1754.

Liverpool Blockhouse, 1813

1 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, Jan. 1816.

2 Ibid., 1834 Report on Forts.

3 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 6, pp. 51-2, Ince's report on military lands, 1856.

Louisbourg, Citadel Blockhouse, 1761

1 PAC, MG12, WO34, B66, Vol. 14, p. 63, J.H. Bastide to Amherst, 23 Feb. 1761.

2 Ibid., p. 76, Bastide to Amherst, 25 April 1761.

Lunenburg Blockhouses, 1756

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 16, p. 113, Lawrence to Lords of Trade, 3 Nov. 1756.

Lunenburg, Jesser's Point Blockhouse, 1813

1 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, Jan. 1816.

2 Ibid., 1834.

3 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 6, p. 44, Ince's report on military lands, 1856.

Lunenburg, Peninsular Blockhouses, 1753

1 PAC, MG21, E5, B.M. add. MSS 19072, fols. 52-89, Col. Lawrence's journal and letters at Lunenburg, 1753-54.

2 Ibid., pp. 36-40, 16 June 1753.

3 Ibid., p. 47, Lawrence to Gov. Hopson, 18 June 1753.

4 Ibid., p. 59, 18 Aug. 1753.

5 Ibid., p. 82, 18 Aug. 1753.

6 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 55, p. 9, Lawrence to Lords of Trade, 15 Jan. 1754.

Lunenburg, Windmill Hill Blockhouse, 1812

1 PANS, RE52, Report on Forts, Jan. 1813.

2 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, Jan. 1816.

3 Ibid., 1834 Report on Forts.

4 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 6, p. 43, Ince's report on military lands, 1856.

Madawaska Blockhouse, 1841

1 Sir James E. Alexander, L'Acadie; Or, Seven Years' Explorations in British America (London: Henry Colburn, 1849), Vol. 2, p. 65.

2 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 43, pp. 327 ff., Memo relating to Estimate for Blockhouse, 9 Sept. 1841.

3 Ibid., pp. 326 ff.

4 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 79. "Nine Returns," 1851.

5 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 887, p. 299.

Oromocto Blockhouse, 1814

1 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

Parrsboro Blockhouse, 1812

1 PANS, RE52, Report on Forts, Jan. 1814.

2 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

3 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 6, p. 93, Ince's report on military lands, 1856.

Penetanguishene Bay Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1222, p. 221, Prevost to Drummond, 29 Oct. 1814.

Placentia, Castle Hill Blockhouse, 1762

1 PAC, MG12, WO34, B68, Vol. 18, Graves to Amherst, 30 July 1762.

2 Ibid., Vol. 12, p. 527, Graves to Admiral Lord Colville, enclosed with Forster's letter to Amherst, 15 Aug. 1762, 30 July 1762.

3 Ibid., p. 551, Graves to Officers of Ordnance, enclosed in Forster's letter to Amherst, 15 Aug. 1762, 30 July 1762.

4 PAC, MG11, CO194, Vol. 30, pp. 118-9, Governor Shuldham to Hillsborough, 30 Sept. 1772.

Prescott, Fort Wellington, First Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 387, p. 10, Bruyeres to Prevost, 17 Jan. 1813.

2 Ibid., Vol. 388, pp. 258-9, Nicolls to Prevost, 31 Dec. 1814.

3 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 13, p. 18, Col. Durnford's Report on Forts, 1816.

4 Ibid., Vol. 6-1, p. 13, Appendix A, Smyth Report on Forts, 1825.

Prescott, Fort Wellington, Second Blockhouse, 1838

1 Montreal. Chateau de Ramezay, "Specifications for Building a Stone Blockhouse within Fort Wellington . . . 13th August 1838." For further information, consult Dale Miquelon, "Report on Fort Wellington." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1966.

Prison Island (Coteau-du-Lac) Blockhouse, 1780

1 PAC, MG21, G1, B, Vol. 154, pp. 302-3, Twiss to Haldimand, 3 Dec. 1781.

Prison Island (Coteau-du-Lac), Second Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 387, p. 5, Bruyeres to Prevost, 14 Jan. 1813.

Quebec Blockhouses, 1778

1 PAC, MG21, G1, B, Vol. 154, pp. 11-3, Report on Quebec fortifications, Capt. John Marr, 1 July 1778.

Quebec, Cape Diamond Blockhouses, 1797

1 PAC, MG23, GII, 17, Series 1, Vol. 22, p. 48, Quebec, 26 Oct. 1797.

2 Ibid., Vol. 23, p. 3, Gother Mann, Green, Prescott, 27 Aug. 1798.

3 Ibid., p. 105, 22 Oct. 1798.

4 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 384, p. 204, 27 May 1807.

Quebec, Peninsular Blockhouses, 1759-60

1 PAC, MG23, GII-1, Series 4, Murray's Journal, 28 Nov. 1759.

2 Ibid., 28 April 1760.

3 Ibid., 15 May 1760.

4 Ibid., Series 1, Vol. 1, p. 30, J. Murray to Amherst, 19 May 1760.

5 PAC, MG12, WO34, B64, Vol. 11, p. 255, Amherst to Lawrence, 4 March 1760.

Quebec, Point Lévy Blockhouses, 1760

1 PAC, MG23, GII-1, Series 4, Murray's Journal, p. 80, 26 Feb. 1760.

2 Ibid., p. 82, 3 March 1760.

3 Ibid., p. 83, 7 March 1760.

4 Ibid., 10 March 1760.

5 Ibid., pp. 83-4, 13 March 1760.

6 Ibid., p. 84, 16 March 1760.

7 Ibid., 18 March 1760.

8 Ibid., p. 85, 21 March 1760.

9 Ibid., pp. 94-5, 27 April 1760.

Quebec, Ste. Foy Blockhouse, 1760

1 PAC, MG23, GII-1, Series 4, Murray's Journal, p. 72, 22 Jan. 1760.

Queenston Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 389, p. 28, Nicolls to Prevost, 21 Jan. 1812.

2 Ibid., Vol. 556, p. 55, Phillpotts, 10 Oct. 1815.

3 Ibid., Vol. 393, p. 63, G. MacDonnell to Sir Gordon Drummond, 4 Jan. 1816.

4 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 13, p. 11, Durnford's Report, 20 Nov. 1816.

5 Ibid., Vol. 6-1, Carmichael Smyth, Report on Forts, 1825.

River Raisin Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 388, p. 250, Nicolls to Prevost, 31 Dec. 1814.

2 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 6-1, App. A, p. 12, Carmichael Smyth Report on Forts, 1825.

St. Andrews, East Battery and Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 146, p. 178, Report on forts, batteries, buildings and field ordnance in New Brunswick, 1 Nov. 1815.

2 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 79, p. 7, Ordnance report, 1851.

St. Andrews, Fort Tipperary Blockhouse, 1808

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1453, p. 117, Lt. Col. George Johnstone (commanding the New Brunswick Regiment) to Lt. Oldfield, RE, 7 Oct. 1807.

2 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 146, p. 178, Report on forts, batteries, buildings and field ordnance in New Brunswick, 1 Nov. 1815.

3 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 6-1, App. A, p. 22, Smyth Report, 1825.

4 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

5 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 79, p. 7, Ordnance Report, 1851.

St. Andrews, Joe's Point Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 146, p. 179, Report on forts, batteries, buildings, buildings and field ordnance in New Brunswick, 1 Nov. 1815.

2 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

3 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 79, p. 7, Ordnance Report, 1851.

St. Andrews, West Blockhouse, 1813

1 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 146, p. 178, Report on forts, batteries, buildings and field ordnance in New Brunswick, 1 Nov. 1815.

2 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 6-1, Smyth Report, 1825.

3 Ibid., Vol. 79, p. 7, Ordnance Report, 1851. For a detailed history of this blockhouse, see George Ingram, "The West Blockhouse, St. Andrews. A Structural Report." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1965.

Saint John, Blockhouse near Fort Howe, 1778

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1453, p. 22, Figg to Rudyerd, 5 Dec. 1803.

2 Ibid., Vol. 1454, p. 237, McLaughlan to Smith, 3 Nov. 1812.

Saint John, Dorchester Blockhouse, 1793

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 145, p. 16, Capt. Rudyerd to Capt. Fenwick, 12 Sept. 1808.

2 Ibid., p. 22, Lt. Figg, RE, to Rudyerd, 5 Dec. 1803.

3 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 144, p. 6, Report on the state of batteries and buildings in New Brunswick, Capt. J. McLaughlan, 1 Oct. 1811.

4 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

Saint John, Fort Drummond Blockhouse, 1812

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1454, p. 227, McLaughlan to Nicolls, 16 July 1812.

2 Ibid., p. 255, McLaughlan to Smith, 25 Aug. 1812.

3 Ibid., p. 268, McLaughlan, 3 Sept. 1812.

4 Ibid., p. 268, James Seely and Joseph Clark to McLaughlan.

5 Ibid., p. 236, McLaughlan to Smith, 3 Nov. 1812.

6 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 145, p. 104, McLaughlan, Report on forts and batteries in New Brunswick, 30 April 1813.

Saint John, Fort Frederick Blockhouse, 1812

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1454, p. 234, Smith to McLaughlan, 20 July 1812.

2 Ibid., p. 247, McLaughlan, 12 Aug. 1812.

3 Ibid., p. 264, Smith to McLaughlan, 30 Aug. 1812.

4 Ibid., p. 236, McLaughlan to Smith, 3 Nov. 1812.

5 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 146, p. 177, Report on forts, batteries, buildings and field ordnance in New Brunswick, 1 Nov. 1815.

Saint John, Fort Howe Blockhouse, 1777

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 97, p. 347, Massey to Germain, 10 Dec. 1777.

2 Robert Morse, op. cit., p. xlviii.

3 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1453, p. 26, Rudyerd to Capt. Fenwick, 17 Feb. 1804.

Saint John, Johnston's Blockhouse, 1811

1 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 144, p. 19, captains B.G. Coffin and J. McLaughlan, Report on state of batteries and forts in New Brunswick, 31 Aug. 1811.

2 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1454, pp. 217-8, McLaughlan to W. Thomas (overseer), 15 June 1812.

3 Ibid., pp. 223-4, McLaughlan to W. Thomas, 22 June 1812.

4 Ibid., p. 261, McLaughlan to Nicolls, 28 Aug. 1812.

5 Ibid., p. 285, McLaughlan, 8 Sept. 1812.

6 Ibid., p. 236, McLaughlan to Maj. Gen. George Smith, 3 Nov. 1812.

7 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 145, pp. 143-4, McLaughlan, Report on forts and batteries in New Brunswick, 11 Feb. 1814.

8 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

9 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 51, p. 2, Ordnance Report, 1841

10 Ibid., Vol. 79, p. 6, Ince's Ordnance Lands Report, 1851.

Saint John, Partridge Island Blockhouse, 1812

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1454, p. 298, Nicolls to McLaughlan, 7 Nov. 1812.

2 Ibid., p. 310, McLaughlan to Smith, Nov. 1812.

3 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 6-1, Carmichael Smyth's Report, 1825.

4 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

5 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 79, p. 6, Ince's report on Ordnance lands, 1851.

Sorel Blockhouses, 1781

1 PAC, MG21, G1, B, Vol. 154, p. 253, 1 Feb. 1781.

2 PAC, MG23, G2, 17, Series I, Vol. 19, pp. 54-5, Green to Isaac Clarke, RE, 21 July 1798.

Sydney Mines Blockhouse, 1759

1 PAC, MG12, WO34, B69, Vol. 17, Gov. Whitmore to Lords of Treasury, 25 April 1759.

Sydney Mines, First Blockhouse

1 PANS, S.C. Harvey, "Holland's Description of Cape Breton," p. 22. Michael Franklin to Halifax Board of Trade, 30 Sept. 1766.

2 PAC, MG23, G2, 13, Series 2, Vol. 2, Lt. Gen. Ogilvie to Edward, 1 Sept. 1778.

3 PAC, MG23, B1, Vol. 2, p. 191, Maj. Hierlighy to Gen. Clinton, 6 Dec. 1778.

Sydney Mines, Second Blockhouse, 1795

1 PAC, MG11, CO217, Nova Scotia A, Vol. 121, p. 236, Maj. Gen. Edward to Duke of Portland, 26 June 1795.

2 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1432, p. 174, William Cox, Assistant Engineer, to Fenwick, 4 July 1804.

3 PANS, RE52, Report on Forts, June 1810.

4 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 144, p. 98, Nicolls, Report on the state of forts and batteries on Cape Breton Island, Jan. 1812.

5 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

Turkey Point Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 733, p. 125, Lt. Col. Drummond to Prevost, 22 Nov. 1814.

2 Ibid., Maj. Cockburn to Prevost, 27 Nov. 1814.

3 Ibid., Vol. 1219, p. 333, Prevost to Bathurst, 2 Dec. 1813.

4 Ibid., Vol. 388, p. 242, Payne to Freer, 21 Dec. 1814.

5 Ibid., Vol. 389, p. 45, Nicolls to Prevost, 10 Feb. 1815.

6 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 13, p. 8, Durnford Report, 20 Nov. 1816.

7 Ibid., Vol. 6-1, Carmichael Smyth's report, 1825.

Weishuns Point Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 389, p. 29, Nicolls to Prevost, 21 Jan. 1815.

Worden's Blockhouse and Battery, 1813

1 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 146, p. 177, Report on forts, batteries, buildings and field ordnance in New Brunswick, 1 Nov. 1815.

2 PANS, RE52, Report on Forts, Jan. 1817.

3 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

Yamaska Blockhouse (Lower), 1778

1 PAC, MG21, G1, B, Vol. 154, p. 115, Twiss to Haldimand, 8 Mar. 1779.

2 Ibid., p. 118, Twiss to Haldimand, 19 March 1779.

3 Ibid., p.314, Twiss to Haldimand, 22 Dec. 1781.

Yamaska Blockhouse (Upper), 1781

1 PAC, MG21, G1, B, Vol. 154, p. 233, Twiss to Haldimand, 11 Jan. 1781.

2 Ibid., p. 277, Haldimand to Twiss, 1 March 1781.

3 Ibid., pp. 281-2, Twiss to Haldimand, 5 March 1781.

4 Ibid., pp. 314-5, Twiss to Haldimand, 22 Dec. 1781.

Yarmouth Blockhouse, 1812

1 PANS, RE52, Report on Forts, Jan. 1814.

2 PANS, RE53, Report on Forts, 1834.

3 PAC, MG12, WO55, Vol. 1558, Pt. 6, p. 76, Ince's report on military lands, 1856.

York, Coast Battery and Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 13, p. 2, Durnford report, 20 Nov. 1816.

2 Ibid., Vol. 6-2, Carmichael Smyth's report on forts, 1825.

York, First Town Blockhouse, 1798

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1332, p. 102, Peter Russell's report, 2 July 1800.

2 Ibid., Vol. 547, p. 26, Lt. Col. Shaw to Green, 19 Nov. 1801.

3 Ibid., Vol. 688B, pp. 63-4, Lt. Col. Chewitt to MacDonnell, 9 Sept. 1812.

York, Fort York (First) Blockhouse, 1797

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1206, p. 49, Peter Russell to Prescott, 30 June 1797.

2 Ibid., p. 96, Russell to Prescott, 19 Aug. 1797.

3 Ibid., Vol. 1332, p. 104, Russell's report, 2 July 1800.

4 George Heriot, op. cit., p. 138.

5 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 115-B, pp. 356 ff., 25 Dec. 1797.

York, Gibraltar Point Blockhouses, 1798

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 115-D, p. 82, Commissariat, 30 June 1800.

2 Ibid., Vol. 1332, p. 101, Storekeeper General's Office, "A General Statement of Public Property Commencing in the year 1792 and ending in 1799," report by Peter Russell, York, 2 July 1800.

3 George Heriot, op. cit., p. 138.

York, Second Blockhouse on Gibraltar Point, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 388, p. 121, Lt. Col. Hughes to Engineers' Office, 23 May 1814.

York, Second Fort York Blockhouses, 1813

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 1221, p. 155, Prevost to Gen. De Rottenberg, 31 July 1813.

2 Ibid., Vol. 679, Pt. 2, p. 334, De Rottenberg to Prevost, 5 Aug. 1813.

3 Ibid., Vol. 388, p. 137, Kitson, 22 Nov. 1813.

4 Ibid., Vol. 681, p. 220, Drummond to Prevost, 13 Dec. 1813.

5 Ibid., Vol. 301, pp. 130 ff., 13 Nov. 1832.

6 Ibid., p. 131, 13 Nov. 1832.

7 Ibid., Vol. 956, pp. 73-5, Lt. Col. Wright to Nicolls, 1 Oct. 1834.

8 Ibid., Series II, Vol. 6-2, Carmichael Smyth's report, 1825.

9 Ibid., C Series, Vol. 389, p. 23, Nicolls to Prevost, 21 Jan. 1815.

York, Ravine Blockhouse, 1814

1 PAC, RG8, C Series, Vol. 681, p. 285, Prevost to Drummond, 22 Dec. 1813.

2 Ibid., Vol. 388, p. 121, Hughes to Engineers' Office, 23 May 1814.

Illustration References

3 PAC, Picture Division, neg. C 16418.

4 PAC, Map Division, H4/450, neg. C 63121.

5 PAC, Map Division, H4/350, Coteau-du-Lac, 1823, neg. C 63120.

6 PAC, Map Division, H4/350, Coteau-du-Lac, 1823, neg. C 63122.

8 PAC, Picture Division, neg. C 21587.

9 PAC, Map Division, H4/450, Fort Wellington, n.d.

10 PAC, MG12, WO44, Vol. 43.

11 PAC, Picture Division, neg. C 918.

12 PAC, Picture Division, neg. C 2708.

13 PAC, Map Division, H4/205, neg. C 61625.

14 Reproduced from Harry Piers, "The Old Peninsular Blockhouses and Road at Halifax, 1751." Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol. 22 (1933), pp. 96-153.

15 PANS, photograph of watercolour by Harry Piers.

16 New Brunswick Museum, Webster Canadiana Collection, No. 4879.

17 New Brunswick Museum, Webster Canadiana Collection, No. 4878.

20 PANS, Lt. H. Pooley, RE, Liverpool Harbour, 1820.

21 PANS, Parrsboro blockhouse, 1839.

22 PAC, Picture Division, neg. C 2003.

23 PAC, Map Division, H4/450, Coteau-du-Lac, 1823, Tray 40-39, C399.

24 National Film Board, 66-14257.

25 PAC, Map Division, H12/440, Prescott, 1816, neg. C 24808.

27 PAC, Picture Division, neg. C 6050.

28 PAC, Picture Division, neg. C 6051.

29 PAC, Picture Division, neg. PA 8884.

30 PAC, Picture Division, neg. C 9989.

31 PAC, MG12, WO78, Vol. 309.

32 PAC, MG12, WO78, Vol. 309.

33 PAC, MG12, WO78, Vol. 309.

34 PANS, 790, N. 28, AR2, F.

36 PAC, Map Division, Georges Island, 1809.

37 Reproduced from Richard A. Preston, Kingston Before the War of 1812; A Collection of Documents (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959).

38 PAC, Map Division, Tray 57b, neg. C 63118.

39 PAC, Picture Division, neg. C 30518.

40 Toronto. Metropolitan Toronto Central Library, J. Ross Robertson Collection, No. 1364.

41 PAC, RG8, neg. C 1798.

42 PAC, Picture Division, W. Spry, Plan of Fort Howe, 1779.

43 PAC, RG8, Series II, Vol. 51.

44 PAC, Map Division, H1/440, Niagara, 1799, neg. C 29167.

46 PAC, Map Division, H1/440, Amherstburg, 1800, neg. C 63124.

47 PAC, Map Division, H4/450, Amherstburg, 1796, negs. C 63119 (left) and C63123 (right).

48 PAC, Map Division, H4/450, St. Joseph's Island, 1800, neg. C 57132.