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Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 4
by George Ingram EndnotesA New Establishment 1 Grace Lee Nute, ed., "Journey for Frances," The Beaver, Outfit 285 (June 1954), p. 15. For details of the Simpsons' journey, see Appendix B. 2 Ibid. 3 Hudson's Bay Company Archives (hereafter cited as HBCA). Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 10 April 1831, p. 64, B. 135/c/2. 4 Ibid., p. 65, B. 135/c/2. 5 Ibid., 19 July 1832, p. 85, B. 135/c/2. 6 HBCA, London Inward Correspondence from Governors of H.B.C. Territories — George Simpson (hereafter cited as London Inward), Simpson to Governor and Committee, 10 August 1832, p. 424, A.12/1. 7 James Hargrave, The Hargrave Correspondence, 1821-1843 (Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1938), Thomas Simpson to Hargrave, 19 December 1832, pp. 95-7. 8 Much of this information may have been taken from the Donald Ross papers in the B.C. Archives to which M.A. MacLeod had access. "Life at the Fort that first winter was gay with 'brilliant fetes for the Red River gentry' and musical evenings — with Frances at the piano, clerks playing the fiddle and flute, and all joining in the chorus. The Governor watched over two new buildings going up and reported that LeBlanc dined with them 'on Sundays when he has his clean things on'. Thomas Simpson (son of George's foster mother and now his secretary) told of 'racing blood horses on the frozen river' and of 'the Gov. and his Lady driving out tandem at a terrible rate in a cariole emblazoned with the Comany's Arms'." Margaret A. MacLeod, Lower Fort Garry (Winnipeg: privately printed, 1957), p. 6. 9 HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 4 May 1833, p. 100, B.135/c/2. 10 See Appendix B for the Simpsons in later years. 11 James Hargrave, op. cit., pp. 95-7. 12 Ibid., pp. 120-1, T. Simpson to Hargrave, 13 December 1833. 13 Alexander Simpson, Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson, the Arctic Discoverer London: Bentley, 1845), T. Simpson to A. Simpson as quoted on p. 93. 14 James Hargrave, op. cit., pp. 187-8, T. Simpson to Hargrave, 27 February 1835. Leblanc and his family probably lived in the house at the lower fort while the others were at the forks with Simpson. "LeBlanc, the wife, and your young folks are quite well and living at the New Fort; we are this season at the old Establisht." HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 22 December 1834, p. 139, B.135/c/2. 15 HBCA, Governor George Simpson Correspondence Inward (hereafter cited as Simpson Inward), Duncan Finlayson to Simpson, 1 May 1841, p. 138, D.5/6. The construction of the annex may have been made necessary by the occupancy of a part of the Big House by Adam Thom and his wife. 16 HBCA, Simpson Inward, Christie to Simpson, 16 April 1845, p. 427, D.5/13. 17 Ibid., Christie to Simpson, 25 May 1846, p. 287, D.5/7. In June, 1846, Christie wrote to Simpson at the lower fort, "Messrs. Ross and Hargrave are here, but the Columbia Gentlemen have not made their appearance. We may however hourly look for their arrival and we shall all be ready to go down by Boat as soon as you may require our attendance. . .I merely mention this [unrest in the settlement]. . .that in the present state of affairs, and the advanced period of the Season, the departure of the Gentlemen to their respective charges may be facilitated by holding the council at the lower Fort." Ibid., Christie to Simpson, 4 June 1846, p. 335, D.5/17. 18 Ibid., Christie to Simpson, 28 November 1848, p. 372, D.5/23. Earlier Christie had written to say that he planned to stay in the Big House himself: "With reference to my own residence for next winter, it appears to be under existing circumstances, that the only vacant place, would be the rooms formerly occupied by Mr. Thom and recently by Captain Moody in the lower fort and which should the Military return, would not be required." Ibid., Christie to Simpson, 18 August 1848, p. 523, D.5/22. Christie finally stayed in the cottage to the south of the fort. 19 See Appendix D for a biography of Thom. 20 HBCA, Governor George Simpson Correspondence Books Outward (General) (hereafter cited as Simpson Outward), Simpson to Finlayson, 1 March 1840, D.4/25. 21 Thom claimed that the Company should be responsible for his mess and quarters using his sojourn at the Big House as a precedent. Simpson, rather annoyed, wrote to him in 1851, "When in 1839, I found there was unoccupied house room at the Lower Fort, as a matter of personal good feeling, I allowed you to take possession of a portion of the main house, subject as it was well understood, to remove at pleasure. In these free quarters you remained for seven years." HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to Thom, 10 December 1851, p. 81, D.4/44. 22 HBCA, Winnipeg, Miscellaneous Items, memo to John Black, 2 July 1853, p. 452, B.235/z/3. Sixth Regiment of Foot 1 For an account of the Sixth Regiment, see William Morrison's paper, "The Sixth Regiment of Foot at Lower Fort Garry," in this issue. 2 Simpson to Barclay, 24 December 1845, as quoted in Dale Miquelon, Lower Fort Garry: Preliminary Research Report (Ottawa: National Historic Sites Service, 1964), p. 25. The Company apparently moved out all furnishings when it vacated the fort. When Crofton arrived in the fall of 1846, he was forced to sleep on the floor when he stopped off at the lower fort, "as the Lower Fort had no accommodation, all having been removed, and the Fort given over to Captain Beatty for the troops." Canada, Public Archives (hereafter cited as PAC), MG12, WO1, Vol. 557, pp. 199-219, Crofton to Somerset, 15 September 1846. 3 HBCA, Simpson Inward, Christie to Simpson, 13 May 1847, p. 555, D.5/19, 4 Ibid., Moody to Simpson, pp. 386-9, D.5/18. 5 Ibid., Christie to Simpson, 28 November 1848, p. 373, D.5/23. The Bishop of Rupert's Land 1 HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to John Ballenden, 28 June 1849, p. 66, D.4/39. 2 HBCA, Simpson Inward, Christie to Simpson, 24 July 1849, p. 403, 0.5/25. 3 The bishop's party received preferred treatment at York at the request of Simpson. "The Governor ordered that the Bishop should receive kid glove treatment writing to Hargrave: 'Pray take care that there are no drunken scenes at York at any time — more especially when the Bishop passes . . .and do not let the Brigades start on Sundays. . . . Hargrave had also asked Ballenden for 'as large a store of Colony comforts as you can spare for the service of the Bishop'." Letitia Hargrave, The Letters of Letitia Hargrave, ed., Margaret A. MacLeod (Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1947), pp. cxxiii - iv. 4 HBCA, Simpson Inward, Ballenden to Simpson, 29 November 1849, p. 625, 0.5/26. The bishop wrote to Simpson in January to express his appreciation for the arrangements at the lower fort: "When I last wrote to you it was to thank you for all the arrangements, which you had made with a view to my comfort at the Lower Fort, I can only say that on our arrival we found all___equal to our expectations and could have spent the winter there most happily had not unexpected circumstances led me to feel that it would be my duty to remove to this part of the settlement. . . .Had I remained at the stone fort, I might have passed the winter in quiet retirement, preparing for future work . . . .Let me once more beg you to accept my warmest thanks for the arrangements made for my reception and accommodation," David Rupert's Land to Simpson, 30 January 1850, pp. 173-4, D.5/27. 5 HBCA, Simpson Inward, Thom to Simpson, 22 November 1849, p. 558, D.5/26. 6 Sarah Tucker, The Rainbow in the North (London: Nisbet, 1851), p. 189. 7 Ibid. Eden Colvile 1 For more detail of Colvile's stay in Red River, see Appendix E. 2 Eden Colvile, London Correspondence Inward from Eden Colvile, 1849-1852, ed. E.E. Rich (London: Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1956), p. 193, Colvile to Simpson, 15 August 1850. 3 HBCA, Simpson Inward, Ballenden to Simpson, 24 August 1850, p. 487, D.5/28. 4 Eden Colvile, op. cit., Appendix, p. 201, Colvile to Simpson, 4 January 1851. 5 Ibid., p. 204, 7 February 1851. 6 Ibid., p. 211, 22 May 1851. 7 As quoted in Robert Watson, Lower Fort Garry, a History of the Stone Fort (Winnipeg: Hudson's Bay Company, 1928), p. 17. 8 Eden Colvile, op. cit., p. 260, Colvile to Simpson, 26 May 1852. 9 PAC, MG 19, A40, W. D. Lane Correspondence Outward, 1851-73, Lane to his mother, 22 August 1854. 10 PAC, MGI9, A40, 1A, Lane Correspondence Inward, Logan to Lane, 13 December 1854. 11 Ibid., John Ballenden to Lane, 8 February 1855. 12 Ibid., 12 February 1855. 13 Ibid., 14 February 1855. 14 Ibid., no date, 15 F.G. Johnson who replaced Adam Thom as Recorder of Rupert's Land, was given quarters in the upper fort In 1855, however, Simpson learned that Johnson might marry and bring his wife west with him. In the event of his marrying he would be given quarters in the Big House at the lower fort. "I have been informed that there is a probability of your getting married in the course of the ensuing spring, previous to the date appointed for my visit to Red River and as such change in your conditions would of course terminate the arrangement merely temporary whereby you are furnished with rooms in Fort Garry and a seat at the Company's Mess Table. I consider it advisable to state at once the accommodation that will be afforded you in the event of your taking a wife, so that should that event occur before [sic] my visit Mr. Ballenden may carry out the new arrangements. It will be necessary for you to remove to the Lower Fort where you will be put in occupation of the rooms Mr. Thom inhabited for several years & Mr. Ballenden will further provide the requisite Kitchen accommodation. You will have to provide your own table & servants and to furnish your apartments. Mr. Ballenden will arrange the details & should any point arise not now forseen it can be disposed of when I have the pleasure of seeing you next summer." HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to Johnson, 12 February 1855, p. 18, D.4/50. Johnson does not appear to have moved into the lower fort. In 1858, when Johnson went east, Simpson again made arrangements for his accommodation at the lower fort in the event of his return. "If Mr. Johnson returns to Red River alone furnish him two rooms and a kitchen (say those occupied by Mr. Thom) at the Lower Fort with Stabling and forage for one horse. To mess himself. If he brings back his family he may have all the rooms Mr. Thom occupied unfurnished." Ibid., Memo to Mactavish, 9 June 1858, p. 155, D.4/54. 16 Ibid., Simpson to Ballenden, 15 June 1855, p. 53, D.4/50. 17 Ibid., Memo to Chief Factor Swanston, 28 June 1855, pp. 68-9, D.4/50. The Years at Mid-Century 1 HBCA, London Inward Correspondence from Governors of H.B.C. Territories — William Mactavish, Mactavish to Fraser, 29 January 1862, p.202, A.12/42. 2 Roderick Campbell, The Father of St. Kilda (London: Russell, 1901), pp. 112-3. 3 S. Hubbard Scudder, The Winnipeg Country (New York: Hodges, 1890), pp. 119-20. 4 H. M. Robinson, The Great Fur Land (London: Sampson, Low, 1879), pp. 73-4. William Flett 1 See Dale Miquelon, "A Brief History of Lower Fort Garry," this issue, for an account of the uprising. 2 Ibid. 3 HBCA, Lower Fort Garry, Post Journal, 1868-74, (hereafter cited as Journal), 6 September 1870, B.303/a/1. 4 The routine of the fort does not appear to have changed much from Lane's period: "The life at the fort was a simple but happy one. The business in a way was conducted on military lines. At six a.m. when the fort bell rang, everyone started out to their several occupations; at seven-thirty the bell rang and everyone went to breakfast. (Mr. Flett made his round of inspection between six and seven-thirty a.m.). The bell was again sounded at eight-thirty and everyone returned to work. One o'clock the dinner bell rang; two o clock work again. At five o'clock, Mr. Flett again made his rounds. At six o'clock the bell rang and everything was closed for the day. On Saturdays the bell rang at five o'clock, the closing hour for that day so as to give the men time to get their supplies," A. T. Cowley, "Lower Fort Garry in 1868," The Beaver, Outfit 265 (September 1934), p. 40. 5 HBCA, Journal, 24 July 1871. 6 Ibid., 14 September 1871. The Council apparently continued after Smith departed. The journal entry for 20 September notes, "Several of the Gentlemen went away from here, Council being ended for the present." This was a very significant meeting for the Deed Poll, the means of determining the shares of the officers of the Company, was then under consideration, Smith was probably reporting on the position of the Governor and Committee. See G.F.G. Stanley, "Fur Trade Party," The Beaver, Outfit 284 (September 1953), pp. 35-9. 7 HBCA, Journal, 20 January 1872. "Flora Hope cleaning rooms for Governor Smith." 8 Ibid., 28 December 1872, 9 As quoted in Dale Miquelon, Lower Fort Garry: Preliminary Research Report (Ottawa: National Historic Sites Service, 1964). 10 HBCA, Journal, 8 December 1873. "Messrs. Hamilton, J.H. McTavish, Parson & [G.S.] McTavish and some others came down on a visit and had a dance in the evening." 11 HBCA, London Inward Correspondence from H.B.C. Posts — Winnipeg, Copy of letter, Hamilton to Grahame dated Carlton House, 19 August 1875, enclosure in letter from Grahame to Armit, dated Fort Garry, 4 November 1875, pp. 614d-7d, A.12/16. 12 Ibid., Grahame to Armit, 19 May 1876, p. 101, A.12/17. 13 HBCA, Chief Commissioner James A. Grahame, Correspondence Outward to Officers and Servants, Grahame to G.S. McTavish, 1 November 1876, p. 145, D. 13/10. Lord Dufferin 1 Ibid., Grahame to Flett 13 August 1877, p. 502, D.13/10. 2 HBCA, Chief Commissioner James A. Grahame, Correspondence Inward (General), Flett to Grahame, 21 August 1877, D.14/17. 3 HBCA, Chief Commissioner James A. Grahame, Correspondence Outward to Officers and Servants, Grahame to Flett, 1 September 1877, pp. 543-4, D.13/10. A Retreat for Chief Commissioners 1 Wrigley's obituary in the Beaver stated: "Joseph Wrigley passed away in February last at his home at Kensington Park Gardens, London, England, at the age of 87. He was born in Yorkshire, England, on February 3rd, 1839. "In 1874 he was president of the Huddersfield Chamber of Commerce and was a participant in several important commercial missions to Russia and France. "In 1884 he received the appointment of Trade Commissioner in Winnipeg for the Hudson's Bay Company in succession to Jas. A. Grahame. "During Mr. Wrigley's period of office, the Saskatchewan rebellion of 1885 took place, and he was instrumental in placing the resources of the Company and the services of its officers at the disposal of the Dominion for the suppression of the disturbance. "He presided over the last Council meeting in Canada of the Company's factors held in the Queen's Hotel, Winnipeg, in 1887. "Mr. Wrigley held office continuously until 1891, when he was granted six months' sick leave, and at the expiry of this time was evidently not well enough to resume his duties, as on May 12th, 1891, he was succeeded by Mr. C.C. Chipman as Trade Commissioner." The Beaver, Vol. 6, No. 3 (June 1926), p. 122. 2 William Flett died in 1883 and was replaced by a clerk, F.W. Holloway. Chief Trader W.J. McLean assumed the charge in 1886 and moved in with his large family, He came there directly after his captivity by the Indians at Fort Pitt. McLean presided over a brief renaissance of the fort until 1892, and then was asked for his resignation. Two clerks, J. B. Parker and J. E. O'Meara followed and in 1894, J. H. Stanger received the charge and remained until the fort's closing. Stanger's daughter survives and retains memories of her period in the house. 3 Chipman was born at Amherst, N.S., on 24 May 1856. He was first employed in the civil service of Canada in the departments of Public Works and Finance. When Sir Charles Tupper was appointed High Commissioner in 1884, Chipman accompanied him as private secretary. In Tupper's absence he served as executive commissioner, and he accompanied Tupper to Washington for negotiations with the United States. In 1890, he returned to the civil service and became chief clerk in the Department of Marine and Fisheries. In 1891, at the age of thirty-five, he was appointed Trade Commissioner of the Hudson's Bay Company. As commissioner he did much to modernize the operations of the Company in Canada. He retired as commissioner in 1911 and went to England, living first at Woodlands, in Roehampton, Surrey, and in 1923 moved to Arnathwaite House, Leamington Spa. He died at the age of 68, 11 February 1924. "He was [so states his obituary] a man of medium height, neat in appearance and alert in his actions; a man of great energy and ability, a keen sportsman and an enthusiastic horseman. His tact and diplomacy often stood him in great stead and won for him time and again the object he had in view." The Beaver, Vol. 4, No. 6 (March 1924) pp. 218-9. 4 Hamilton B. Chipman, "Boyhood at the Lower Fort," The Beaver, Outfit 287 (Autumn 1956), pp. 9-14. Appendix B: George and Frances Simpson 1 Simpson also acted as Governor of the Southern Department after 1826 and was appointed Governor in Chief in 1839. 2 For detail of Simpson's movements in the 1820s, see Arthur S. Morton, Sir George Simpson, Overseas Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company; A Pen Picture of a Man of Action (Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1944). 3 HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 26 January 1830, p. 42, B.135/c/2. The Simpson McTavish correspondence is unique among the surviving letters of Simpson. The two traders struck up a surprisingly intimate relationship which allowed Simpson to write in a personal manner not found elsewhere. It reveals an aspect of his character which is indiscernible in the Governor's cold official correspondence. 4 Grace Lee Nute, ed., "Journey for Frances," The Beaver, Outfit 284 (December 1953), pp. 50-4; (March 1954), pp. 12-7; Outfit 285 (Summer 1954), pp. 12-8. Frances Simpson kept a diary during her journey from England to Red River, excerpts of which have been published as noted above. 5 HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to McKenzie, 6 July 1830, p. 22, D.4/17. Simpson was quite pleased with his quarters in Red River. He later wrote: "We are tolerably (?) well quartered, have 4 rooms and a kitchen, and Leblanc has made them passably habitable." HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 3 January 1831, p. 54, B.135/c/2. 6 Grace Lee Nute, ed., op. cit., (Summer 1954), p. 15. 7 R. Harvey Fleming and E. E. Rich, eds., Minutes of Council, Northern Department of Rupert Land, 1821-1831. (London: Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1940), p. 258, July 1830. 8 Grace Lee Nute, ed., op. cit., pp. 17-8. 9 James Hargrave, op. cit., Alexander Ross to James Hargrave, 18 December, pp. 59-62. 10 Ibid., pp. 58-9, James McMillan to James Hargrave, 15 December 1830. 11 See n. 9 above. 12 HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 3 January 1831, p. 54, B.135/c/2. 13 Ibid., 3-11 January 1831, p. 57, B.135/c/2. 14 Ibid., 10 April 1831, p. 62, B.135/c/2. 15 Ibid., p. 64, B.135/c/2. 16 James Hargrave, op. cit., pp. 67-9, John Stuart to James Hargrave, 15 March 1831. 17 HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 20 May 1831, p. 66, B.135/c/2. 18 Ibid., 7 July 1831, p. 70, B.135/c/2. 19 HBCA, London Inward, Simpson to Governor and Committee, 18 July 1831, p. 377, A.12/1. 20 PAC, MG 19, A25, Robert Campbell, From the Highlands to Fort Garry, p. 7. For construction information, see Dale Miquelon, "A Brief History of Lower Fort Garry," this issue. 21 HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 10 April 1831, p. 65, B.135/c/2. 22 HBCA, London Inward, Simpson to Governor and Committee, 18 July 1831, p. 377, A.12/1. 23 HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 15 August 1831, p. 73, B.135/c/2. Simpson also talked of his servants. "Our cook is first rate at her trade," and was very attached to Mrs. Simpson. Angus, her husband, was "a finished servant," and fine now that Simpson had put him in line. "Mary is the best tempered creature you ever saw and is quite a treasure to her mistress and on the whole our home is very snug and comfortable menage." Ibid., p. 74. 24 HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 3 January 1832, pp. 76-7, B.135/c/2. 25 James Hargrave, op. cit., p. 85, James McMillan to James Hargrave, 12 December 1831. 26 HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 3 January 1832, p. 81, B.135/c/2. 27 Ibid., 1 May 1832, p. 83 ff., B.135/c/2. 28 Ibid., 19 July 1832, p. 85, B.135/c/2. 29 HBCA, London Inward, Simpson to Governor and Committee, 10 August 1832, p. 424, A.12/1. 30 James Hargrave, op. cit., pp. 95-7, Thomas Simpson to James Hargrave, 19 December 1832. 31 HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 2 December 1832, p. 94, B.135/c/2. There was apparently some light-hearted enjoyment. See Margaret A. MacLeod, op. cit. 32 HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 4 May 1833, p. 100, B.135/c/2. 33 Ibid., 29 June 1833, p. 105 ff., B.135/c/2. 34 James Hargrave, op. cit., p. 115, J. D. Cameron (Fort Alexander) to James Hargrave, 2 December 1833. 35 HBCA, Moose Factory: Correspondence Inward, Simpson to McTavish, 21 October 1833, p. 113ff., B.135/c/2. 36 Ibid. 37 Ibid., 10 January 1834, p. 116, B.135/c/2. 38 Ibid., 22 December 1834, p. 139, B.1 35/c/2. 39 George Simpson, Narrative of a Journey Round the World During the Years 1841 and 1842 (London: Colburn, 1847), Vol. 1, p. 55. 40 E.E. Rich, The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670-1870 (London: Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1958), Vol. 2, p. 467, quoting John McLean. 41 Clifford P. Wilson, "Sir George Simpson at Lachine," The Beaver, Outfit 265 (June 1934), pp. 36-9. On 23 September 1833, the Hudson's Bay Company bought the house from William Gordon of Lachine. 42 Isobel Finlayson, "York Boat Journal," The Beaver, Outfit 282 (December 1951), p. 37. 43 Ibid., p. 35. 44 James Hargrave, op. cit., pp. 433-5, Angus Cameron to James Hargrave, 25 April 1843. 45 Finlayson was appointed to Lachine in 1844, and remained there until he retired in 1855. He was reappointed in 1859 but retired again in the same year. George Simpson, Journal of Occurrences in the Athabaska Department by George Simpson, 1820 and 1821, and Report (Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1938), pp. 437-8. 46 Letitia Hargrave, The Letters of Letitia Hargrave (Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1947), note, p. xciv. 47 Ibid. 48 HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to Black, 18 December 1850, pp. 79-80, D.4/42. 49 Letitia Hargrave, op. cit., note, p. xciv, Finlayson to Donald Ross, 30 April 1852. Appendix C: Thomas Simpson 1 For details of Simpson's early life, see Alexander Simpson, Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson, The Arctic Discover (London: Bentley, 1845). 2 As quoted in ibid., p. 75. 3 As quoted in "The HBC Packet," The Beaver, Outfit 266 (June 1935), p. 5. 4 James Hargrave, op. cit., pp. 95-7, Thomas Simpson to James Hargrave, 19 December 1832. 5 As quoted in Alexander Simpson, op. cit., p. 80. 6 Ibid., p. 78. 7 Ibid., pp. 78-9. 8 Ibid., p. 84. 9 This seems to have been the case in both 1832-33 when George Simpson wintered in Red River and 1833-34, the season now in question. 10 James Hargrave, op. cit., pp. 120-1, Thomas Simpson to James Hargrave, 13 December 1833. 11 As quoted in Alexander Simpson, op. cit., p. 93, Thomas Simpson to Alexander Simpson, 7 March 1834. 12 James Hargrave, op. cit., pp. 187-8, Thomas Simpson to James Hargrave, 27 February 1835. 13 Ibid. 14 For details, see Alexander Simpson, op. cit., and E.E. Rich, op. cit., Vol. 2, especially pp. 647-50. 15 Alexander Simpson, op. cit., pp. 226-7, Thomas Simpson to Alexander Simpson, 30 November 1836. Simpson probably stayed at the lower fort at least part of the time that he was preparing for the northern expedition, In August, for instance, he wrote to Hargrave from "New Fort Garry." This could refer either to the new fort under construction at the forks, or to the lower fort which was still relatively new. See James Hargrave, op. cit., p. 241, Thomas Simpson to James Hargrave, 11 August 1836. 16 As quoted in Alexander Simpson, op. cit., pp. 226-7, Thomas Simpson to Alexander Simpson, 30 November 1836. 17 E.E. Rich, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 648; Alexander Simpson, op. cit., p. 277. 18 As quoted in Alexander Simpson, op. cit., p. 244, Report of Dease and Simpson to Governor and Committee, 5 September 1837. 19 Alexander Simpson, op. cit., p. 257, Thomas Simpson to Alexander Simpson. 20 As quoted in Alexander Simpson, op. cit., p. 275, Thomas Simpson to Alexander Simpson, 29 January 1838. Most of the information for the Simpson-Dease expedition has been taken from the reports and letters quoted above. 21 Alexander Simpson, op. cit., p. 297, Simpson's narrative of his journey on foot. 22 Ibid., p. 287, Report of Dease and Simpson, 15 September 1838. 23 Ibid., p. 321, Report to the Governor and Committee, 16 October 1839. 24 Ibid., p. 330. 25 Ibid., pp. 346, 349. 26 This is the interpretation advanced by W. Kaye Lamb in Douglas MacKay and W. Kaye Lamb, "More Light on Thomas Simpson," The Beaver, Outfit 269 (September 1938), pp. 26-31. 27 George B. Greenough, "The President's Address on Presenting Medals," Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 9 (1839), p. xi-xii. The Journal also published "An Account of Arctic Discovery on the Northern Shore of America in the Summer of 1838, by Messrs. Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson," Vol. 9, pp. 325-30. The Society later noted Simpson's tragic death: "The discovery of a northwest passage, which has flattered and disappointed the hopes of so many generations, still remains incomplete. The sad fate of the intrepid and indefatigable Simpson, to whom one of the royal medals was awarded last year, and who seemed of all men living the most likely to solve the problem, is generally known, and the subject is much too painful to be unnecessarily dwelt upon." Ibid., "Address to the Royal Geographical Society of London," Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 11 (1841), p. xl. Appendix D: Adam Thom 1 Eden Colvile, op. cit., p. lx. W.L. Morton's introduction has been used extensively. 2 For details of Adam Thom's early life, Adam Thom, 1802-1890 (n.p., n.d.), which contains a paper of the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, 1890; also Roy St. George Stubbs, Four Recorders of Rupert's Land; A Brief Survey of the Hudson's Bay Company Courts of Rupert's Land (Winnipeg: Pegus, 1967). 3 Edmund H. Oliver, ed., The Canadian North-West, its Early Development and Legislative Records (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1914-15), Vol. 1, pp. 63-4. 4 As quoted in Eden Colvile, op. cit., p. lx. 5 See n. 3. 6 See HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to Finlayson, 1 March 1840, D.4/25; also Records of the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, 1890, as quoted in Adam Thom, 1802-1890 (n.p., n.d.). 7 These can be found scattered through Simpson's correspondence in the H.B.C. Archives. If any major work is undertaken on Thom's career in Red River, these should be consulted. 8 For an account of the trial, see Eden Colvile, op. cit., pp. lxxxiii-lxxxvi. 9 Ibid., p. lxxxvii; also Edmund H. Oliver, ed., op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 352. 10 Eden Colvile, op. cit., p. lxxxix. 11 Ibid., p. ci. 12 For an account of the Foss/Pelly case, see ibid., pp. ci - civ. 13 See Eden Colvile, op. cit., p. cvii. The Deed of Revocation was given to Thom 10 April 1851. See ibid., p. 58, Colvile to A. Barclay, 4 June 1851. 14 Ibid., p. 208, Colvile to Simpson, 22 May 1851. 15 Ibid., pp. 160-1, n., Governor and Committee to Simpson, 6 April 1853. 16 Thom died in 1890 at the ripe old age of 87. 17 Roy St. George Stubbs, op. cit. Appendix E: Eden Colvile, "The Young commercial Patrician" 1 Most of the information concerning Colvile's life before arriving at Lower Fort Garry was taken from W.L. Morton's excellent introduction to Eden Colvile, London Correspondence Inward from Eden Colvile, 1849-1852, eds., E. E. Rich and A. M. Johnson (London: The Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1956). 2 As quoted in ibid., p. xcvi. 3 Maxwell was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Fifteenth Regiment who asked for and apparently obtained permission to retire in the country. 4 As quoted in Eden Colvile, op. cit., p. xcvi. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 HBCA, York Factory, Correspondence Books, A. B. Sey to Eden Colvile, 4 April 1849, p. 1, B.239/b/125. 8 HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to Sinclair, 18 December 1850, p. 84, D.4/42. 9 HBCA, Simpson Inward, J.H. Pelly to Simpson, 12 January 1849, p. 65, D.5/24. 10 For a very good account of Red River in this period, see W.L. Morton's introduction to Eden Colvile, op. cit. 11 HBCA, Simpson Inward, A. Colvile to Simpson, 25 January 1850, p. 142, D.5/27. 12 Ibid., 3 March 1850, p. 143, D.5/27. 13 Ibid., 12 April 1850, p. 72, D.5/28. 14 HBCA, York Factory: Correspondence Inward, W. G. Smith to James Hargrave, 28 May 1850 (post note dated 7 June 1850), p. 279, B.239/c/5. 15 HBCA, Simpson Inward, Colvile to Simpson, 26 August 1850, p. 500, D.5/28. 16 Ibid., 15 August 1850, p. 443, D.5/28. 17 Eden Colvile, op. cit., p. 196, Colvile to Simpson, 26 August 1850. 18 Ibid. 19 HBCA, York Factory: Bills of Lading, goods shipped from York Factory to Red River, York Factory, 26 August 1850, p. 124, B.239/w/3. The servants were described by Letitia Hargrave: "The fort is not so gay this season as it was last time, but we have a number of obscure people from home . . . . There are last of all a 'Mr. and Mrs. Deans' from Londn. who are on their way to Rd. Rr. as valet & lady's maid to the new Govr. & his wife, Mr & Mrs Colvile who are to winter at Lower Fort Garry Red River. This woman seems very suitable. I have seen her repeatedly & have always parted from her with increased approbation, She has been married for 17 years, has no family, & works like a slave both for herself and her mess mate, the genteel one, who looks at her as if she expected danger from her neighbourhood." (Letitia Hargrave, op. cit., pp. 253-4, Letitia Hargrave to Mrs. Dugald Mactavish, 27 August 1850.) 20 HBCA, York Factory: Correspondence Inward, Ballenden to Hargrave, 5 August 1850, p. 413, B.239/c/5. 21 Eden Colvile, op. cit., pp. 205-6, and n., p. 206, Colvile to Simpson, 7 February 1851. 22 Ibid., p. 196, Colvile to Simpson, 26 August 1850. 23 Ibid., p. 231, Colvile to Simpson, 14 July 1851. 24 Ibid., p. cvi. 25 HBCA, Simpson Inward, Black to Simpson, 29 September 1851, pp. 542-3, D.5/31. 26 HBCA, York Factory: Correspondence Inward, Colvile to Hargrave, 4 September 1850, p. 442, B.239/c/5. 27 HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to Black, 18 December 1850, pp. 79-80, D.4/42. 28 HBCA, York Factory: Post Journals, 5 July 1851, p. 47, B.239/a/176. 29 Eden Colvile, op. cit., p. 241, Colvile to Simpson, 10 August 1851. 30 HBCA, York Factory: Correspondence Inward, W. G. Smith to Mactavish, 7 June 1851, p. 59, B.239/c/6. 31 HBCA, Governor Eden Colvile Correspondence Inward, William Mactavish to Colvile, 3 September 1851, p. 168, 0.7/1. 32 HBCA, York Factory: Bills of Lading, 28 August 1851, p. 207, B.239/w/3. 33 HBCA, Governor Eden Colvile Correspondence Inward, William Mactavish to Colvile, 16 February 1852, pp. 223-4, D.7/1. 34 John Rae, John Rae's Correspondence with the Hudson's Bay Company on Arctic Exploration, 1844-1855 (London: Hudson's Bay Company, 1953), p. 220, Rae to Simpson, 9 March 1852. 35 David Anderson, Notes of the Flood at Red River, 1852 (London: Hatchard's, n.d.), p. 16. 36 Ibid., p. 106. 37 Eden Colvile, op. cit., p. xcvi. 38 HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to Colvile, 1 May 1851, pp. 85-6, D.4/43. 39 HBCA, Governor Eden Colvile Correspondence Inward, p. 133, D.7/1. 40 HBCA, Simpson Inward, Colvile to Simpson, 26 August 1850, pp. 499-500, D.5/23. 41 Ibid., pp. 71-2, D.5/28. 42 HBCA, Governor Eden Colvile Correspondence Inward, John Work to Colvile, 18 December 1850, p. 33, D.7/1. 43 HBCA, Winnipeg: Miscellaneous Items, Memo for the accountant of Fort Garry, E. Colvile, 18 August 1851, p. 200, B.235/z/2. 44 Eden Colvile, op. cit., p. 232, Colvile to Simpson, 14 July 1851.
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