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Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 16
by William Naftel EndnotesIntroduction 1 Montreal Gazette, 18 Nov. 1881, p. 6, "A Journey over the Plains, by D. McEachran, F.R.C.V.S." 2 Montreal Gazette, 29 Nov. 1881, p. 6, op. cit. 3 L. V. Kelly. The Range Men; The Story of the Ranchers and Indians of Alberta (Toronto: William Briggs, 1913), pp. 112-14. By this time ranching was an established industry in B.C. The Alkali Lake ranch, established in 1861 (possibly 1859), was probably the first and is still one of the largest in the province. 4 Canada. Department of the Interior, Report of the North-West Mounted Police, 1882 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1883), Report of Commissioner Irvine, p. 18. 5 Lewis G. Thomas, "The Ranching Period in Southern Alberta" (MA thesis, Univ. of Alberta, 1935), p. 22. 6 Ibid., p. 21.
1 Canada. Laws, Statutes, etc., Statutes, 1872 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1873) (hereafter cited as Canada, Statutes), cap. 23, sect. 34. 2 Canada. Statutes, 1881, cap. 16. The cabinet took over the power to revoke leases which had formerly been vested in the minister of the Interior. Since 1876, leases had been granted on the recommendation of the cabinet rather than the minister. 3 Canada. Public Archives (hereafter cited as PAC), RG, 1, Vol. 211, PC 803(a) of 20 May 1881, sect. 16—21; ibid., Vol. 220, PC 1710(a) of 23 Dec. 1881, sect. 16—17. 4 Canada. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the year 1885 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1886), "Report of G. D. Ryley, Clerk of Timber, Mineral and Grazing Lands," p. 37. No order in council was considered necessary for this amendment of the form of lease according to Mr. Ryley's comments and as confirmed by later correspondence (departmental letters of April 1888 in PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 170, file 145330). 5 PAC, RG, 1, Vol. 532, PC 2669(a), 12 Oct. 1892. 6 Ibid., Vol. 554, PC 1219, 22 April 1893. 7 John Blue, Alberta, Past and Present (Chicago: Pioneer Historical Publishing Co., 1924), Vol. 1, p. 323. 8 PAC, RG, 1, Vol. 307, PC 612, 6 April 1885. 9 Ibid., Vol. 292, PC 1903 and PC 1904, both 6 Oct. 1884. 10 Ibid., Vol. 361, PC 634, 7 April 1887. 11 Canada. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Year 1886 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1887), p. xxxi. 12 PAC, MG26, Aid, Vol. 433, p. 213234, Moreton Frewen to Sir John A. Macdonald, 5 Jan. 1886. Frewen was an Englishman of good family, married to one of the Jerome sisters and hence uncle of Sir Winston Churchill. He investigated many different careers in his lifetime including, at this stage, ranching and was successful at none of them, but thanks to a winning personality invariably landed on his feet. 13 Duncan McEachran, "A Brief Historical Sketch of the Early History of Livestock Quarantine in Canada," The Agricultural Gazette of Canada, Vol. 9, No. 5 (Sept.-Oct. 1922), Pt. 4, p. 416. 14 Canada. Statutes, 1879, cap. 23, sects. 22 and 23: also V. C: Fowke, Canadian Agricultural Policy. The Historical Pattern (Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1946), pp. 205—06. 15 Canada, Report on Cattle Quarantine in Canada, 1897 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1898), p. 5. 16 Ibid., p. 6. 17 Ibid., 1901, pp. 45-46. 18 PAC, RG, 1, Vol. 289, PC 1763, 8 Sept. 1804, Preamble. 19 Ibid. 20 Ibid. 21 Alberta, University, Library, William Pearce Papers, file 1-B-6, box 2, Pearce to the Hon. Thomas White, 8 March 1888; ibid., White to Pearce, 16 March 1888.
1 Canada. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Year 1881 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1882), Pt. 1, p. 66. 2 William Turrentine Jackson, The Enterprising Scot, Investors in the American West after 1873 (Edinburgh: Univ. Press, 1968), p. 73. 3 Sheilagh S. Jameson, "The Era of the Big Ranches," Alberta Historical Review, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter 1970), p. 2. 4 John Macoun, Manitoba and the Great North-West (Guelph: World Publishing Co., 1882), p. 227. 5 William Turrentine Jackson, op. cit., pp. 74-5. 6 Lewis G. Thomas, op. cit., p. 14. 7 The Canadian Biographical Dictionary (Chicago: American Biographical Publishing Co., 1881), p. 281. 8 Ibid., p. 283; The Canadian Directory of Parliament (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1968), p. 127; Lovell's Province of Quebec Directory for 1871 (Montreal: J. Lovell & Son, 1872), p. 963; The Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1885, p. 55; ibid., 1901, p. 35. 9 The Canadian Biographical Dictionary (Chicago: American Biographical Publishing Co., 1881), p. 281. To be specific, the Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada, 1881 (Toronto: H. Belden and Co., 1881), p. 12, describes the senator's property as lots 10, 11, 13 and 15, concession 6, lots 10-11, concession 7, lots 10, 11, 12, concession 8, the whole in Compton township, Compton County, and totaling 1,100 acres. 10 Duncan Marshall, Shorthorn Cattle in Canada (Dominion Shorthorn Breeders' Association, 1932), p. 116. 11 The Cultivator and Country Gentleman (Albany, N.Y.) of 12 Dec. 1872, quoted in The Canadian Biographical Dictionary, p. 283. 12 Duncan Marshall, op. cit., pp. 118-9. 13 Ibid., p. 125. 14 The Canadian Biographical Dictionary, p. 282. 15 Duncan Marshall, op. cit., p. 121. 16 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, M. H. Cochrane to the minister of the Interior, 8 May 1883. 17 Hew Grant Cochrane, "Autobiography" (privately mimeographed for family circulation, Ca. 1958), p. 1, H. G. Cochrane, now deceased, was the senator's grandson. 18 Calgary Herald, 14 Sept. 1883—25 June 1884. The Mount Royal Ranche Company took over the Ghost River operations begun by A. P. Patrick in the spring of 1884 with the intention of going into horse raising. The Calgary Herald of 18 June 1884 (p. 3) notes that Mr. E. A. Baynes is on his way from the East and his arrival is expected daily. 19 Montreal Gazette, 13 Aug. 1903, p. 1; ibid., p. 4, editorial. 20 Ibid., pp. 1, 2, 4: for James A. Cochrane, some of the detail also comes from H. J. Morgan, The Canadian Men and Women of the Time (Toronto: William Briggs, 1912), p. 244. 21 Canada. Department of Consumer and Corporate Affairs, Companies Branch, "Cochrane Ranche Company Limited" file, enclosure "C" with "Petition for Supplementary Letters Patent," 28 Dec. 1885. 22 Biographical information on Duncan McEachran obtained from the following sources: Charles A. Mitchell, "A Note on the Early History of Veterinary Science in Canada," an offprint in the PAC Library from Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine (1938-40), pp. 7-11, 30-33; Hazel Williamson, "Dr. Duncan McEachran, F.H.C.V.S. (Edinburgh)," monograph prepared for internal circulation in the University Archives, McGill University, and obtained through the courtesy of John Andreasson, university archivist. 23 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, newspaper clipping file, "Mr. & Mrs. James Walker"; Who's Who in Canada, 1927 (Toronto: International Press) p. 380; ibid., 1936, p. 6. 24 Montreal Gazette, 18 April 1888, p. 3. "A Good Appointment." 25 H. J. Morgan, op. cit., p.781; The Canadian Directory of Parliament. pp. 448-9. 26 H. J. Morgan, op. cit., 1912 ed., p. 212. 27 Ibid., 1898 ed., p. 171; Lovell's Province of Quebec Directory for 1877, p. 1069. 28 Lovell's Montreal Directory for 1887-82 (Montreal: J. Lovell & Son. 1882), p. 374 29 Ibid., 1880-81, pp. 448, 530; ibid., p. 467. 30 Frank White, "Diary," Canadian Cattlemen, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Sept. 1948), p. 68, entry for 11 March 1884. 31 The Canadian Directory of Parliament, p. 74; The Canadian Biographical Directory, pp. 289-90. 32 The Canadian Directory of Parliament, p. 358. 33 Lovell's Montreal Directory for 1879-80 (Montreal: J. Lovell & Son. 1880), p. 360. Subsequent editions of the directory confirm James Gibb's residence in Montreal up until 1885-86 except for a residence in London, England, in 1881-82; ibid., 1881-82, p. 400. Also, for J. R. Gibb, editions for 1880-81, 1881-82, 1882-83, 1883-84, 1884-85, 1885-86; The Canadian Directory of Parliament, p. 228; PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 170, file 145330, Pt. 1, confidential memorandum (printed), J. S. Dennis to the minister of the Interior, 9 May 1881 (with reference papers of April 1888). 34 The Canadian Directory of Parliament, p. 607: The Canadian Parliamentary Companion and Annual Register, 1880 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1881), pp. 241-2; Ruth McKenzie, Leeds and Grenville, Their First Two Hundred Years (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1967), p. 184 35 Encyclopaedia of Canadian Biography (Montreal: Canadian Press Syndicate, 1904), p. 55. 36 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 170, file 145330, Pt. 1, confidential memorandum, J. S. Dennis to the minister of the Interior, 9 May 1881. 37 H. J. Morgan, op. cit., p. 974; Macmillan Dictionary of Canadian Biography (Toronto: Macmillan, 1965), p. 720. 38 PAC, MG26, Aid, Vol. 382, Pt 1, p. 178832, T. B. Strange to Sir John A. Macdonald, 9 March 1882. 39 LoveIl's Montreal Directory for 1880-81, p. 85; various city street maps in PAC, Map Division.
1 PAC, RG12, 1, Vol. 211, PC 635, 5 May 1881. The incorporation was handled by Abbott, Tait, Witherspoon and Abbott, firm of (Sir), John Abbott, then counsel to the CPR, mayor of Montreal, and later prime minister. 2 Canada. Department of Consumer and Corporate Affairs, Companies Branch, Cochrane Ranche Company, Limited, file, "Draft of Charter of Incorporation." 3 PAC, MG26, A1b, Vol. 209, pp. 88917-18, J. S. Dennis to Sir John A. Macdonald, 9 Feb. 1881. 4 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, M. H. Cochrane to J. S. Dennis, 26 Nov. 1880. 5 Ibid., M. H. Cochrane to Sir John A. Macdonald, 17 Dec. 1880. 6 Canada. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Year 1880 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1881), p. viii. 7 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, draft lease unsigned and undated, but submitted in the spring of 1881 and probably in Cochrane's handwriting. 8 Ibid., D. McEachran to J. S. Dennis, 10 March 1881. 9 Ibid., draft of memorandum to the Privy Council, 21 Feb. 1881. 10 Ibid., copy of a note from Sir John A. Macdonald to Joseph Pope, 12 May 1881, enclosed in a letter of J. A. Gemmill, solicitor for the Cochrane Ranche Company, to the minister of the Interior, 31 July 1882; PAC, RG2, 1, Vol. 211, PC 803(a), 20 May 1881, p. 3, clause 20. The printed figure of $2.00 is struck out and $1.25 inked in by hand. 11 PAC, RG2, 1, Vol. 220, PC 1710(a), 23 Dec. 1881, sect, 16d. 12 For example, a memo to file by G. U. Ryley, ca. June 1883, states blandly that no action was taken on Cochrane's letters of 8 May and 7 June (PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1) bringing forth Cochrane's complaint to Pope. "Mcpherson does not even answer my letters. I simply want what was promised me, no more or less" (PAC, MG26, Alb, Vol. 249, pp. 112553-54). This despite the fact that Cochrane's Ottawa representative was John A. Gemmill of Gemmill and May, one of the leading parliamentary solicitors, i.e., lobbyists, in the capital. As a member of the Cochrane group, his qualifications were impeccable: born in Ramsay, Lanark County, Ontario, of a good Scots family, he was educated in Scotland and admitted to the Ontario bar in 1870. He was a promoter of the British Columbia Southern Railway, an active director of several other railways, president of the Rideau Club, president of the Saint Andrew's Society (Ottawa) and a staunch Conservative. If further evidence of his fitness is required, his wife was Senator Ogilvie's daughter (Ottawa Citizen, 8 Nov. 1905, p. 4, and Ottawa Evening Journal, 7 Nov. 1905, p. 9), and he himself published a history of the Ogilvie family in 1904, The Ogilvies of Montreal. 13 PAC, RG2, 1, Vol. 554, PC 1219, 22 April 1893. 14 PAC, MG26, Ale, Vol. 525, Pt. 1, pp. 144-5. 15 Ibid., A1a, Vol. 82, pp. 32024-26, Lorne to Macdonald, 23 April 1882; PAC, RG2, 1 Vol. 227, PC 841, 24 April 1882 forbidding sheep grazing, but to this is attached a memo from the governor general's office saying it is "to be kept back, though signed till further orders," PC 841 cancelled entirely by PC 890, 11 May 1882 (ibid., Vol. 228) and replaced by PC 892, 11 May (ibid.) prohibiting grazing without permission in writing from the minister of the Interior. 16 T. Bland Strange, Gunner Jingo's Jubilee (London: Remington and Co., 1893), p. 381. 17 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, M. H. Cochrane to the deputy minister of the Interior, 31 May 1881. 18 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, file A/W181A, Col. James Walker, "The Coming of the N.-W.M.P. (1874) and Reminiscences," p. 24. An address given at the Alberta Military Institute, Calgary, Alberta, 11 March 1924; ibid., newspaper clipping file, "Mr. & Mrs. James Walker," undated, unidentifiable clipping. 19 For example, in October 1882, Frank White tried to hire some of the Poindexter and Orr hands, Frank White, op. cit., Vol. 8, No. 4 (March 1846), p. 241, entries for 20-23 Oct. 1882. 20 Montreal Gazette, 4 Nov. 1881, p. 6, "No sooner did we enter the Dominion than a most marked improvement was at once observable in the soil and the pasture, an improvement which continued to increase till we reached our destination at the Bow River." 21 Toronto Globe, 11 Dec. 1882, p. 3. 22 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, file A.H. 372, fol. 1, F.W.G. Haultain to his mother, 8 June 1885. 23 Phil S. Long, The Great Canadian Range (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1963), pp. 40-41 24 Montreal Gazette, 12 April 1881, p. 8. 25 Ibid., 26 April 1881, p. 8, quoting The Colonies and India, of 9 April. 26 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, file D971.2/M147 Liverpool Journal of Commerce, 29 Oct. 1881, a clipping in the scrapbook "Lord Lorne's Expedition to the North West." 27 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 170, file 145330, Pt. 1, confidential memorandum, Dennis to minister, 9 May 1881 (with April 1888). The others were J. P. Wiser, MP, the Hon. T. N. Gibbs, E. H. Stimson, Esq., D. Ford Jones, MP, Capt. Milburn, Allan P. Patrick. 28 Montreal Gazette, 18 Nov. 1881, p. 6, "A Journey over the Plains," by Dr. McEacran. 29 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, memo to file containing "Extract from letter of Sec'y of the Cochrane Co., dated 13 May 1881"; ibid., M. H. Cochrane to deputy minister, 31 May 1881. 30 Montreal Gazette, 27 April 1881, p. 1. 31 Canada Gazette, Vol. 16, p. 568, 7 Oct. 1882. 32 Ibid., p. 22, 8 July 1882. 33 Ibid., p. 569, 7 Oct. 1882. 34 Canada, Department of Consumer and Corporate Affairs, Corporations Branch, "Dominion Cattle Co." file, G. W. Burbidge, deputy minister of Justice, to the secretary of state, 4 Aug. 1882. Also the names of H. G. Wiser and W. P. Herring were left off, as J. P. Wiser had signed their names without a power of attorney. As they were not immediately available to sign in person, they had to be omitted. 35 T. B. Strange, op. cit., p. 381. 36 C. M. MacInnes, In the Shadow of the Rockies (London: Rivingtons, 1930), pp. 176, 178. 37 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, newspaper clipping file, "Mr. & Mrs. James Walker." At least three of the undated and unidentified clippings in the file mention this fact. 38 Canada. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Year 1882 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1883), Pt. 3, "Annual Report of the North-West Mounted Police, 1882," p. 16. 39 Montreal Gazette, 29 Nov. 1881, p. 6. 40 T. B. Strange, op. cit., p. 388. 41 Montreal Gazette, 29 Nov 1881, p. 6.
1 Montreal Gazette, 18 Nov. 1881, p. 6. 2 Ibid. 3 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, file D971.2/M147, letters of Rev. James McGregor to the Edinburgh Courant, "Lord Lorne's Expedition to the North West," letter of 29 Sept. 1881 from Helena, Montana published in 21 Oct. issue (on p. 27 of scrapbook); ibid., A.K39, W. D. Kerfoot's "General Notes" (unpaginated). 4 Chicago Times, quoted in the Montreal Gazette, 9 June 1881, p. 8, "The Western Cattle Trade." 5 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, D. McEachran to Col. J. S. Dennis, 10 March 1881. 6 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, clipping file. "Mr. & Mrs. James Walker." 7 Ibid., A.K39, W. D. Kerfoot's "General Notes." 8 L. V. Kelly, op. cit., pp. 147-8. 9 Canada, Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Year 1881 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1882). Pt. 1, "Extract from the Report of Lachlan Kennedy, D.L.S., on the Survey of the Township Outlines in the Bow River District," p. 65. 10 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, file D971.2/M147, letter of Rev. James McGregor, 29 Sept. 1881 at Helena, Montana, and published 21 Oct. in the Edinburgh Courant (p. 27 of scrapbook). 11 Ibid., letter dated 7 Oct. 1881 at Chicago and published 27 Oct. 12 Canadian Illustrated News, 25 Nov. 1882, p. 339; Frank White, op. cit., Vol. 8, No. 4 (March 1946), p. 245, entry for 24 Oct. 1882. Strange described it (T. R. Strange, op. cit., p. 393): "where grown cattle have to be rebranded or vented, to save time and labour, they are driven into a long shoot, at the end of which is a sort of swing fence hinged with raw hide to a post fastened horizontally on the ground and gradually drawn to the opposite side by a winch. It secures the animal during branding. The iron is inserted between the bars of the shoot." 13 Ibid., letter of 29 Sept. published 21 Oct. 1881; Canada, Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Year 1881 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1882), Pt. 1, "Extract from the Report of Lachlan Kennedy, D.L.S., on the Survey of the Township Outlines in the Bow River District," p. 65. 14 Ibid., file A.K39, W. D. Kerfoot's "General Notes." 15 Sheilagh S. Jameson, op. cit., p. 4; W. D. Kerfoot's "General Notes," reproducing Major Walker's estimate of stock as of 1 April 1882. 16 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, C. C. Colby to the minister of the Interior, 14 Feb. 1882; ibid., Vol. 2, file 1687, Baynes, per J. Abbott, to the minister of the interior, 17 Feb. 1882; ibid., Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, Brooks to the minister of the Interior, 21 Feb. 1882. 17 Ibid., M.H.C. to minister, 17 Feb. 1882. 18 PAC, RG2, 1, Vol. 226, PC 722, 11 April 1882, "Schedule of proposed Grazing Leases accompanying Report of the Minister of the Interior, to the Hon. the Privy Council dated March 1882." 19 Mitchell was clearly one of the Eastern Townships-Montreal "set" with the right background and all the required directorships, but for some reason nothing ever came of his ranching lease, although it abutted those of Colby and Brooks, it was cancelled in August 1886. 20 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, C. C. Colby to a Mr. Hamilton of the Department of the Interior, 27 March 1882. 21 Ibid., memo to file, G. U. Ryley, 21 Feb. 1883. 22 T. B. Strange, op. cit., p. 383; The Canadian Directory of Parliament (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1968), p. 248. 23 L. V. Kelly, op. cit., pp. 149-50. 24 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, file A.K39, Kerfoot's "General Notes." 25 L. V. Kelly, op. cit., p. 152. 26 PAC, MG30, C1, Vol. 5, diary of Otto J. Klotz, p. 265, entry for 21 Sept. 1882. There is some evidence that Frank White was the brother of Fred White, comptroller of the N-WMP, but it has not been possible to confirm this. 27 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, file A.K39, W. D. Kerfoot's "General Notes." 28 Frank White, op. cit., Vol. 8, No. 4 (March 1946), pp. 189, 241, entries from the end of September until mid-October; ibid., p. 189, entries for 8 Oct. and 10 Oct. 1882. 29 Ibid., p. 245, entry for 1 Nov. 1882; Canada, Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Year 1884 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1885), Pt. 6, "Report of the Deputy Head upon his Visit to the North-West," p. 12. 30 L. V. Kelly, op. cit., p. 152. 31 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, M. H. Cochrane to the minister of the interior, 8 May 1883. 32 Ibid., 7 June 1883. 33 As previously noted, he could scarcely persuade the department to answer him, much less sell him land. The letter of 8 May was to remind the department that they had not answered his of the previous November. 34 Frank White, op. cit., Vol. 9, No. 1, (June 1946), p. 165, entry for 6 April 1883. 35 L. V. Kelly, op. cit., p. 158. 36 Frank White, op. cit., Vol. 9, No. 3, p. 165, entry for 24 March 1883. 37 Robert McDougall, "The Cochrane Ranch, 1881-1894, A Local History" (monograph prepared for the Social Studies Council, Alberta Teachers Association), p. 18. 38 Ibid. 39 Sheilagh S. Jameson, op. cit., p. 6. A possibly apocryphal but nonetheless illustrative anecdote. 40 D. E. Brown. "A History of the Cochrane Area" (M.A. diss., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, 1951), p. 64. 41 L. V. Kelly, op. cit., p. 151. 42 D. E. Brown, loc. cit. 43 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, file A.B878A, "I Remember," recollection of John George "Kootenai" Brown, related verbatim to W. McD. Tait, p. 131. 44 Ibid., file D971.2/M147, letters of Rev. James McGregor, 9 Sept. 1881, published 21 Oct. 1881. 45 PAC, MG26, Ale, Vol. 525, Pt. 1, pp. 144-5, Macdonald to Macpherson, 8 June 1883. 46 Ibid., Alb, Vol. 249, pp.112545-51, Macpherson to Macdonald. 47 Ibid., Vol. 443, pp. 213233-36, Frewen to Macdonald, 5, Jan. 1886. Frewen's qualifications to judge Senator Cochrane's ranching abilities are of dubious merit. One of his schemes to get rich involved a ranch in Wyoming, but it eventually did no more than cost his backers a great deal of money. 48 Canada. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Year 1884 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1885), Pt. 6, "Report of the Deputy Head upon his Visit to the North-West," p. 12.
1 L. V. Kelly, op. cit., p. 51. 2 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, A.K39, W. D. Kerfoot's "General Notes." 3 Ibid. 4 John Blue, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 331. 5 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, A.K39, W. D. Kerfoot's "General Notes." 6 L. V. Kelly, op. cit., p. 216. 7 Frank White, op. cit., Vol. 9, No. 1 (June 1946), p. 62, entries for 2 and 3 Dec. 1882; p. 61, entry for 24 Nov. 1882. 8 Ibid., p. 8. 9 Glenbow-Alberta Institute, file A.K39, W. D. Kerfoot's "General Notes." 10 Frank White, op. cit., Vol. 8, No. 4 (March 1946), p. 188, entry for 27 Sept. 1882. How many shares Walker had in the venture at this point is not known. When the company was formed he took up 100 with a face value of $10,000.
1 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, M. R. Cochrane to the minister of the interior, 22 March 1883, enclosing the assignments. 2 Ibid., 7 June 1883. 3 PAC, MG26, Alb, Vol. 249, pp. 112553-54, M. R. Cochrane to Joseph Pope, 18 June 1883. 4 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, M. H. Cochrane (per Mr. Gemmill) to the minister of the interior, 20 March 1883. 5 PAC, MG26, A1b, Vol. 249, pp 112346-47, C. C. Colby to D. L. Macpherson, 21 March 1883, enclosed in a note from Macpherson to John A. Macdonald, 22 March 1883, pp. 112348-49. 6 Ibid., pp. 112542-44, Macpherson to Macdonald, 7 June 1883; and pp. 112545-51, 10 June 1883; ibid., Ale, Vol. 525, Pt. 1, letter book 22, Pt. 1, pp. 144-5, Macdonald to Macpherson, 8 June 1883. 7 Ibid., Vol. 525, Pt. 1, letter book, Macdonald to Alexander Campbell, on ranching proposal of his brother Charles, 23 June 1883. 8 Ibid., Vol. 249, pp. 112653-54, M. H. Cochrane to Pope, 18 June 1883. 9 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142708, Pt. 1, John R. Hall, acting secretary, to J. A. Gemmill, 11 July 1883. 10 PAC, MG26, A1b, Vol. 249, pp. 112545-51, Macpherson to Macdonald, 10 June 1883. 11 PAC, RG2, 1, Vol. 292, PC 1903, 6 Oct. 1884. 12 Ibid., PC 1904, 6 Oct. 1884. 13 Frank White, op. cit., Vol. 11, No. 2 (Sept. 1948), p. 68, entries for 1 Feb. — 11 March 1884. 14 Ibid., p. 111, entry for 6 June 1884. 15 Ibid., Vol. 10, No. 4 (March 1949), p. 235, entry for 6 July 1884. White set out to ranch on his own and took over lease No. 46 on the western border of the Big Hill spread. In 1881 this had been granted to R. Talbot Macdonell and Eneas R. Macdonell of Oban, Argyleshire, Scotland (PAC, RG2, 1, Vol. 300, PC 176, 3 Feb. 1885), but at their own request the lease was cancelled, White also received a slice from the western edge of the Cochrane leases. 16 Frank White, op. cit., Vol. 11, No. 2 (29 Sept. 1948), p. 68, entry for 19 Feb. 1884. 17 Canada, Department of Consumer and Corporate Affairs, Companies Branch, British American Ranche Company file. 18 Frank White, op. cit., Vol. 11, No. 2 (Sept. 1948), p. 68, entry for 19 Feb. 1884. 19 PAC, RG2, 1 Vol. 226, PC 722, 11 April 1882, "Schedule of Application." Possibly the British American Ranche Company also made use of lease No. 45, originally granted to Allan Patrick, a well-known Dominion lands surveyor. This lease, 12,000 acres on the northwest corner of the main Cochrane lease, was assigned to E. A. Baynes in June 1883. It is also quite possible that it represents an attempt by Baynes to start his own venture. 20 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 2, file 1687, P. B. Douglas to the deputy minister of Justice, 26 March 1885; deputy minister of Justice to deputy minister of the Interior, 7 April 1885. 21 Robert McDougall, op. cit., p. 20. 22 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 1, William Pearce to deputy minister of the interior, 28 March 1889. The Gang ranch was established by the Harper brothers in the southern interior of British Columbia about 1863, it was, and still is, one of the largest ranches in that province (Thomas R. Weir, Ranching in the Southern interior Plateau of British Columbia [Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1964], pp. 90-91). 23 Stock figures in this paragraph obtained from PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 1, stock returns, May 1885, 12 Sept. 1885, Nov. 1886, 12 Nov. 1887, Aug. 1888. 24 Ibid., "Extract from the Minutes of the British American Ranche Co. Ltd., of date Twenty fifth June 1888." 25 John Blue, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 345. 26 Calgary Herald, 16 Apr1l 1884, p. 2. 27 The newspaper reports (Calgary Herald, 17 Sept., 1884, p. 4) say 8,000 sheep: the customs declaration, submitted 29 Aug. 1884 (PAC, RG15, B2a, file 11007, customs entry No. 12, 29 Aug. 1884, "Statement Showing the number of Horses, Cattle and Sheep, and the Name of Importer, entered in the District of Alberta, from the 1st June 1880") says 7,000 sheep—and four horses. 28 Calgary Herald, 15 Oct. 1884, p. 1. 29 Ibid., 24 Sept, 1884, p. 1. 30 Canada, Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the Year 1884 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1885), Part 6, "Report of the Deputy Head Upon his Visit to the North-West," p. 12. 31 Calgary Herald, 2 April 1885, p. 3; 16 April 1885, p. 1. 32 L. V. Kelly, op. cit., p. 178. Neither the freak accident nor the high rate of loss during lambing are mentioned in the Calgary Herald; the prairie fire story is corroborated by the Herald, but the 400 sheep it mentions as killed become 1,000 in Kelly's account. 33 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 1, "Return of Stock . . .," Calgary, May 1885. 34 Ibid., stock returns dated May 1885, 12 Sept. 1885, Nov. 1886, 12 Nov. 1887 and Aug. 1888. 35 Calgary Herald, 5 Oct. 1883, p. 1. The mill was to be erected on Fish Creek by Samuel William Shaw. It was a long time coming to fruition due to quarrels with the Calgary municipality over tax arrangements and was still being projected in 1889. In the following year it was finally started, but this time the British American Ranche Company had left the scene (Canada. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Year 1889 [Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1890], "Report of William Pearce, Superintendent of Mines, to the Commissioner of Dominion Lands," p. 22; also the same for 1890, p. 14). 36 Calgary Herald, 15 (or 5) July 1885, p. 4. The issues of the newspaper in this volume have either been misbound or misprinted as the date lines vary within the issues. 37 Robert McDougall, op. cit., p. 21. 38 D. E. Brown, op. cit., pp. 63, 64, 117. 39 L. V. Kelly, op. cit., pp. 249-50. 40 Robert McDougall, loc. cit. 41 PAC, MG26, Alb, Vol. 270, pp. 123152-55, Stephen to Macdonald, 23 Apri1 1886. 42 B. Fitzpatrick, The British Empire in Australia, quoted in Robert McDougall, op. cit., p. 22, n. 84. 43 Canada. Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Year 1889 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1890), Pt. 3, "Report of William Pearce, Superintendent of Mines, to the Commissioner of Dominion Lands," p. 22. 44 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 1, memo to Mr. Ryley, 6 Sept. 1888. This total, which is not differentiated, must have included railway, Hudson's Bay Company and school lands, etc., since if the railway took every single odd-numbered section this would only total 94,500 acres out of the 189,000 total. 45 Ibid., Browning to the minister of the Interior, 2 Sept. 1885. Browning feared it would "lead to the breaking up of our lease, and consequent abandonment of Ranching operations in that section of the country." No doubt there was also in the back of the corporate mind the ever-present possibility that the government could always be persuaded to retreat in a crisis through the use of pressures to which the CPR was far less susceptible. 46 Toronto Globe, 11 Dec. 1882, p. 3. 47 The senator considered him a rather fly by-night type and to ensure that he never got his hands on any Cochrane money, settled only an income and no cash on his daughter Eleanor, Baynes's wife (Interview with members of the Cochrane family, 9 April 1970). 48 Toronto Globe, loc. cit. 49 Montreal Gazette, 7 May 1884, p. 5. 50 Canada, Department of the Interior, Annual Report for the Year 1884 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1885). Pt. 6, "Report of the Deputy Head upon his Visit to the North-West," p. 12. 51 PAC, MG26, Ale, Vol. 525. Pt. 2, letter book 22, Pt. 2, p. 392, Macdonald to George R. Elliott of the Calgary Nor' Wester, 8 May 1884. 52 Frank White, op. cit., Vol. 9, No. 4 (March 1947), p. 244, entries for 17, 19 and 20 May 1883. 53 Sheilagh S. Jameson, op. cit., p. 8. 54 C. M. MacInnes, op. cit., p. 243. 55 PAC, MG26, Ald, Vol. 414, p. 200495, Samuel Livingstone to Sir John A. Macdonald, telegram, 6 April 1885. 56 David H. Breen, "Plain Talk from Plain Western Men," Alberta Historical Review, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Summer 1970), p. 10. 57 PAC, MG26, Alb, Vol. 193, pp. 80356-58, George F. Clarke to A. M. Burgess, B May 1885. 58 There was no order in council for this change in the lease, in 1888, when an effort was being made to trace the authority for this change, Mr. Ryley, the chief clerk in the Timber and Grazing Branch, reported. "The authority of Council was never asked . . . and there is no written authority on file from the Minister authorizing such an insertion, but I think he gave me instructions orally, in the presence of the Deputy to see that such a clause was inserted in the lease" (PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 170, file 145330, Pt. 1, memo, Ryley to Home, 17 May 1888). 59 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt, 1, William Pearce to the Dominion lands commissioner, Winnipeg, 19 Dec. 1888, forwarded to the Department of the Interior under cover of a letter from the Dominion lands commissioner dated 27 Dec. 1888. Pearce stated that he did not believe this assertion. 60 Ibid., Pearce to A. M. Burgess, deputy minister of the Interior, 29 May 1886. 61 Ibid., 27 Oct. 1886. The senator, at a private meeting between himself and White, agreed to give up all of Township 24 except sections 32 and 34 on which he planned to erect sheep sheds and use as headquarters for part of the flock of sheep. He also agreed to surrender the east half, Township 25, and the east half, Township 26, Range 5, so that it might be leased by Frank White. 62 Calgary Tribune, 4 March 1887, clipping in PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261. 63 Ibid. 64 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 1, Burgess to M. H. Cochrane, 31 March 1887. 65 Ibid., Hon. Thomas White to J. M. Browning, 28 May 1887. 66 Ibid., J. M. Browning to Hon. Thomas White, 26 May 1887, quoting letter of Ernest B. Cochrane to British American Ranche Company directors, 14 May 1887. 67 Ibid., A. M. Burgess to Hon. Thomas White, 20 Aug. 1887. 68 Ibid. 69 Ibid., William Pearce to Dominion lands commissioner 19 Dec. 1888. 70 His letters and reports both in the Public Archives and the University of Alberta library, are a joy to read, being full of information well written and containing acute observations and judgements of men, motives and events, yet always careful to present both sides of a question. Surprisingly enough, his forthright opinions do not seem to have offended officials of the Department of the Interior who normally gave short shrift to any suggestions from the outside civil service. Though, probably unfortunately, his advice was not always followed, it was invariably sought and great reliance was placed on his ability as a negotiator and conciliator. 71 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 1, Pearce to Dominion lands commissioner, 19 Dec. 1888; ibid., petition dated 12 Jan. 1889 from the residents of Calgary district to the Hon. Edgar Dewdney, forwarded by D. W. Davis, MP. Davis's role in this is somewhat equivocal. At almost the same time as he was championing settlers against the ranch leases, he was writing in concert with Cochrane to Macdonald, complaining of the injury that would be done the ranching industry of Alberta if the government awarded beef contracts to the Fort Benton firm of T. C. Power and Bros. (PAC, MG26, Ald, Vol. 460, p. 229132, D. W. Davis and M. H. Cochrane to Macdonald, 9 June 1888). Davis was a Vermont Yankee who did not arrive in the Northwest, or Canada, until 1870 (as a trader with I. G. Baker and Company), but his rapid rise to prominence shows he possessed all the native shrewdness attributed to that breed. 72 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 1, Pearce to Burgess, 22 Aug. 1887 and to Dominion lands commissioner, 19 Dec. 1888. 73 Ibid., Pt. 2, memorandum, Burgess to Dewdney, 10 April 1889. 74 Ibid., Pt. 1, Robertson, Fleet and Falconer, advocates, to the minister of the Interior, 23 Aug. 1888. 75 PAC, RG2, 1, Vol. 411, PC 34, 14 Jan. 1889. 76 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 2, Burgess to Dewdney, confidential memo dated 26 Jan. 1889. 77 Ibid., Burgess to M. H. Cochrane, 13 June 1889. 78 Alberta. Department of Natural Resources, Supervisor of Homesteads and Leases, Edmonton. 79 Calgary Herald, 29 Aug. 1888, p. 8. 80 D. E. Brown, op. cit., p. 69. 81 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol 23, file 192192, Stock Return under cover of a letter from Pearce to the secretary, Department of the Interior, 15 Jan. 1890. 82 Alberta, Land Titles Office, Calgary, Register K, No. 189. 83 John Blue, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 345. 84 Ibid., p. 346, L. V. Kelly (op. cit., p. 227) also notes the decline of sheep ranching dating from 1889 due to winter losses and the continued low price of wool.
1 Montreal Gazette, 12 April 1888, p. 7, "Canadian Army Horses," quoting "Alert" in the Live Stock Journal. 2 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 2, Pearce to Hon. E. Dewdney, 28 March 1889. 3 Ibid., Charles Elliott, English manager, Bow River horse ranch, to Hon. E. Dewdney, 14 Sept. 1889. 4 Ibid., Lynwode Pereira, secretary, Department of the Interior, to Charles Elliott, 16, June 1890. 5 Ibid., note on letter, Gilbert Goddard to Hon. T. M. Daly, 2 March 1893. 6 Ibid., Department of the Interior to Goddard, 18 May 1893 and 23 May 1893. 7 D. E. Brown, op. cit., p. 35. 8 Canada, Department of Consumer and Corporate Affairs, Companies Branch, Cochrane Ranche Company Ltd. file; ibid., enclosure "C" with "Petition for Supplementary Letters Patent," 28 Dec. 1885. At this stage the other shareholders were J. M. Browning, 100 shares and 250 shares in trust; James Cochrane, 100 shares: Louis Huet Massue, 100 shares; Hon. G. A. Drummond, 100 shares; Dr. McEachran, 100 shares; James Gibb, 100 shares; E. T. Brooks, 15 shares. 9 John Blue, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 323; William Turrentine Jackson, op. cit., p. 122. 10 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 23, file 192192, Stock Returns. 11 Canadian Cattlemen, Vol. 8, No. 2, (Sept. 1945), pp. 88-89; Glenbow-Alberta Institute, clipping file, "Cochrane Ranche Co. (Ltd.)," article from Family Herald and Weekly Star, ca. 1911. 12 Canada, Department of Consumer and Corporate Affairs, Companies Branch, Cochrane Ranche Co. Ltd., file, "Draft of Supplementary Letters Patent," 8 Dec. 1949. 13 Sheilagh S. Jameson, op. cit., p. 6.
1 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709 Pt. 1, M. H. Cochrane to Macpherson, 7 June 1883.
10 PAC, RG2, 1, Vol. 226, with PC 722 of 11 April 1882. 11 PAC, RG5, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1. 13 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 10, file 142709, Pt. 1, between letters of 17 Feb. and 15 May 1882. 16 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 1, with memo of 5 April 1887. 25 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 2. 28 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt, 1, April 1887. 29 PAC, RG15, B2a, Vol. 5, file 137261, Pt. 1, with draft memo of 5 Jan. 1889.
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