Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 11

The Battle of Châteauguay

by Victor J. H. Suthren

Endnotes

Preliminary American Moves

1 J. Mackay Hitsman, The incredible war of 1812 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965), p. 104.

2 Harry L. Colas, The War of 1812 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), p. 109; Irving Brant, James Madison: Commander-In-Chief, 1812-1836 (New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1961), vol. 6, p. 164; John Brannan, Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, During the war with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14, and 15, (Washington; Way and Gideon, 1823), p. 133, Armstrong to Dearborn, 10 February 1813.

3 Irving Brant, op. cit., pp. 166, 168. Hampton had served well during the Revolutionary War with Marion and Sumter in the Carolinas; Harry L. Coles, op. cit., p. 143.

4 John Brennan, op. cit., p. 186, Armstrong to Wilkinson, 5 August 1613, Armstrong is acquainting Wilkinson with the results of the Madison conversations.

5 Ibid., p. 187, Wilkinson to Armstrong, 6 August 1813; p. 189, Armstrong to Wilkinson, 8 August 1813; p. 190, Armstrong to Wilkinson, 9 August 1813; p. 191, Wilkinson to Armstrong, 21 August 1813; Harry L. Coles, op. cit., p. 144; Irving Brant, op. cit., p. 213; John Brannan, op. cit., p. 183, Armstrong to Wilkinson, 6 September 1813.

6 William James. A Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences of the Late War Between Great Britain and the United States of America (London: Joyce Gold, 1818), p. 305; William D. Lighthall, An Account of the Battle of Châteauguay (Montreal; W. Drysdale and Company, 1889), p. 8, Lighthall breaks this down into 4,053 regular infantry and 1,500 militia; Robert Christie, A Compendious History of the Late War (Boston: J. W. Burditt, 1815) (hereafter cited as Compendious History), p. 10, Hampton to Armstrong, 4 October 1813; Frederic P. Todd to René Chartrand, National Historic Sites Service, 11 February 1971; M. J. McAfee, Curator, West Point Military Museum, to V. Suthren, 19 March 1971, citing F. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the U.S. Army (n.p., n.d.); also United States National Archives, Record Group 94, Returns of the Killed and Wounded of American Troops in Battles or Engagements with Indians, British or Mexican Troops from the Year 1790 to the Close of the War with Mexico, in 1848, (Complied by Lieutenant Colonel J. H. Eaton, 3rd Infantry, 1850-51), manuscript ledger; Frederic P. Todd, op. cit.; Benson J. Lousing, The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1869), p. 648. This service is debatable, as New York militia records are virtually unusable, and militia regularly refused to cross national borders.

7 John Brannan, op. cit., p. 212, Wilkinson to Armstrong, 20 September 1813; ibid., p. 193, Armstrong to Wilkinson, 6 September 1813.

8 James R. Jacobs, The Beginnings of the U.S. Army, 1783-1812 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947), p. 384.

9 Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Hampton. Wade."

10 The National Cyclopedia of American Biography (New York: James T. White and Company, 1900), vol. 10, p. 183.

11 Harry Hampton, Columbia, South Carolina, to Victor J. H. Suthren, 12 July 1971. There have been suggestions as well that Wilkinson was involved in the murder of Meriwether Lewis on the Natchez Trace in 1809.

12 Colonel Arthur P. Wade, United States Army Staff, commander in chief, Pacific, to Victor J. H. Suthren, 15 August 1971.

13 Irving Brant, op. cit., p. 221; John Brannan, op. cit., p. 219, Wilkinson to Armstrong, 26 September 1813.

14 Robert Christie, Compendious History, p. 114.

15 Benson J. Lossing, op. cit., p. 648.

Canadian Defensive Preparation

1 Canada. Public Archives (hereafter cited as PAC), RG8, D10, vol. 1707, p. 6, Prevost to Lord Liverpool, "Synopsis of Military Positions in Canada," Quebec, 8 May 1812.

2 Ibid., pp. 7, 9. His appreciation of them was that they were "a mere posse, ill armed and without discipline."

3 Ibid., p. 7; Order, Freer to Prevost, Quebec, 15 April 1812, authorizing Brevet Major Charles de Salaberry to recruit for the regiment to be known as the voltigeurs, University of Montreal, Baby Collection, Documents Militaires, 1803-13, Fol. 86; ibid., brigade order, D. Shekleton to Capt. Perrault, voltigeurs, ordering a party to move to Chambly, Montreal, 17 May 1812.

4 PAC, RG8, D10, vol. 1707, p. 9, Prevost to Lord Liverpool.

5 Ibid., p. 22. "Abstract of General Return of the Troops Stationed in Canada under the Command of his Excellency Lt.-General Sir George Prevost, Bt.," adjutant general's office, Quebec, 30 July 1812.

6 Ibid., p. 18, "Return of the Troops in Montreal District," J. Vincent, Montreal, 4 July 1812.

7 University of Montreal, Baby Collection, Documents Militaires, Fol. 86, F. Vassal de Monviel, adjutant general of militia, to Lieutenant Colonel L. G. Scaler, Commanding Division, Longue Pointe, Montreal, 24 July 1812.

8 William Dunlop, "Recollections of the American War of 1812-1814," in: Tiger Dunlop's Upper Canada, ed., Malcolm Ross (Toronto; McClellan and Stewart, 1967), p. 10.

9 PAC, RG8, D10, vol. 1707, p. 101.

10 PAC, RG8, 1, D2, C Series, vol. 1170, p. 33, general order, Montreal, 27 September 1813. Of interest is the general order of the same date signed at La Prairie which gives a rum issue to all troops serving on the south shore, p. 38.

11 Ibid., p. 45, general order, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue and Montreal, 4 October 1813; ibid., p. 85, general order, Montreal, 8 October 1813. Some seven days after the brief skirmish with Hampton at the latter's camp in New York state; ibid., p. 37.

12 Ibid., p. 37.

13 Ibid., p. 58, general order, La Prairie, 9 October 1813; Movements between this date and the third week in October, when Hampton moved down the Châteauguay, are difficult to trace. The probability is that all those units comprising the "advance" were concentrated in the Le Prairie-Caughnawaga area. De Salaberry, posted with the voltigeurs to St. Philippe in 1812, is suggested to have been personally responsible for the picket system along the Châteauguay and Lacolle rivers. See Ernest Cruikshank, "From Isle aux Noix to Châteauguay," Royal Society of Canada, Proceedings and Transactions, 3rd ser., Vol. 8 (June 1914), pp. 25-102.

14 Charles Marie Boissonnault, Histoire Politico-Militaire des Canadiens Français (Trois-Rivieres: Editions du Bien Public, 1967), p. 112, citing entry for 21 October 1813; From Halfway House, where we were during May, we were sent to Chambly; from Chambly we went to Plattsburg, about 15 leagues from the lines on Lake Champlain; from there, we returned to Chambly where we joined the regiment; there, four of our companies left us for Upper Canada where they are at present. From Chambly, we went to Laprairie, from there to St. Philippe; from St. Philippe our company was sent to Douglas Settlement, near the lines, where we were joined by two companies of Meurons; we stayed there three days and came back to St. Philippe; the day following our arrival we received orders to go to Saint Pierre.

15 PAC, RG8, 1, D2, C Series, vol. 1170, p. 69, general order, Montreal, 12 October 1813; ibid., p. 68, general order, Montreal, 17 October 1813; Benjamin Sulte, "Oui Commandait à Châteauguay ?" Bulletin de Recherches Historiques, vol. 1 (July 1895), p. 97.

16 Henry James Morgan, Sketches of Celebrated Canadians (Quebec; Hunter, Rose and Co., 1862), p. 197. His wife was Mile Anne Julie Hertel de Rouvilla, from whom Madame Georges P. Vanier traces direct descent.

17 John C. Hopkins, Canada: An Encyclopedia of the Country (Toronto; Linscott Publishing Co., s.d.). Vol. 1, p. 183; Lukin H, Irving, Officers of the British Forces in Canada During the War of 1812 (Welland; Canadian Military Institute, 1908), p. 28.

Opening Moves Toward Battle

1 Ernest Cruikshank, op. cit., p. 69, T. Macdonough to the Secretary of the Navy, 9 September 1813; John Brannan, op. cit., p. 276, Colonel Robert Purdy's report to Wilkinson, _____ November 1813.

2 Robert Seller, The U.S. Campaign of 1813 to Capture Montreal (Huntingdon: The Gleaner Press, 1913) (hereafter cited as U.S. Campaign), p. 4. Prevost may have been concerned with planning offensive action in the west; John Brannan, op. cit., p. 276, Purdy's report.

3 Ernest Cruikshank, op. cit., p. 69.

4 John Brannan, op. cit., p. 275, Purdy's report; Ernest Cruikshank, op. cit., p. 70.

5 Ibid.; William F. Coffin, 1812: The War, and its Moral: a Canadian Chronicle (Montreal: John Lovell, 1864), p. 243. The Voltigeurs had marched hastily down the road from l'Acadie, and arrived in time to harrass Hampton's force in its last hours at Odelltown. On retiring, they worked on the blockading of the cart track north.

6 Robert Sellar, U.S. Campaign, p. 4.

7 Ernest Cruikshank, op. cit., p. 70. Hampton claimed the need to abandon Odelltown after "having some doubts of the practicability of procuring water for the troops, horses, and teams;" Robert Christie, Compendious History, p. 10.

8 Robert Sellar, U.S. Campaign, p. 4.

9 John Brannan, op. cit., p. 276, Purdy's report.

10 Ernest Cruikshank, op. cit., p. 71.

11 Robert Sellar, U.S. Campaign, p. 5.

12 Robert Christie. Memoirs of the Administration of the Colonial Government of Lower Canada by Sir James Craig and Sir George Prevost from the Year 1807 until the Year 1815 . . . (Quebec; n.p., 1818) (hereafter cited as Memoirs), p. 100. The Voltigeurs had apparently bolted in a brief panic, for which de Salaberry showed, it would seem, no ill will; no doubt their performance later in the month led him to feel vindicated in this attitude.

13 Robert Christie, Compendious History, p. 100. Lieutenant Charles Pinguet of the Canadian Fencibles gives the following account as cited in Benjamin Sulte, La Bataille de Châteauguay (Quebec; Demers et Frère, 1899), p. 23; "Our company was left there, in company with some Voltigeurs with whom and about a hundred savages we had been sent to reconnoitre the enemy below the lines at a place called Four Corners, where the Americans had a camp of five thousand regulars and twenty-four pieces of artillery of different calibres. Our savages killed a lieutenant, four soldiers, and caused to retire (more I believe by their cries than anything else) five or six hundred men who composed the advance guard of the enemy, from which the camp could have been about one mile. From there we returned to Châteauguay.

14 Robert Christie, Compendious History, p. 100.

15 Ibid., p. 114, Hampton to Armstrong, 4 October 1813.

16 PAC, RG8, D10, Vol. 1707, n.p., Sheaffe to Freer, La Prairie, 13 October 1813.

17 Robert Christie, Compendious History, p. 115, Hampton to Armstrong, 1 November 1813; Robert Sellar, U.S. Campaign, p. 6.

18 Ernest Cruikshank, op. cit., p. 77; Robert Sellar, U.S. Campaign, p. 6.

19 Robert Christie, Compendious History, p. 115, Hampton to Armstrong, 1 November 1813. Purdy said of the march, "The march was very fatiguing, equalled only by another that soon followed. Credit is due to both the officers and the soldiers for their orderly conduct, patience and perseverance, in surmounting the incredible obstacles the enemy threw in their way;" John Brannan, op. cit., p. 276, Purdy's report.

20 Robert Sellar, U.S. Campaign, p. 6. The distance from Four Corners is quoted as 23 miles.

21 Robert Christie. Memoirs, p. 102; W. Lighthall, op. cit., p. 16; Robert Sellar, U.S. Campaign, p. 6.

22 The Canadian position lay in woods at the other end of a relatively cleared area commencing at Spears'.

23 Robert Christie, Memoirs, p. 116, Hampton's report.

24 Ibid., p. 116.

25 Possibly at La Fourche, the junction of the Châteauguay and English rivers.

26 The Quebec Mercury, Tuesday, 9 November 1813, "An Eyewitness Account;" by "Témoin Oculaire," attributed to Michael O'Sullivan; William Lighthall, op. cit., p. 16.

27 William Wood, Select British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812 (Toronto; The Champlain Society, 1920-28), p. 396, de Salaberry to Baynes, 1 November 1813; The Quebec Mercury, op. cit.

28 Ibid., William Wood, op. cit., p. 382, advance brigade order, Major Burke to Colonel de Lery, 25 October 1813, O'Sullivan cites a party of thirty Beauharnois axemen.

The Battle Site

1 Lukin H. Irving, Officers of the British Forces in Canada During the War of 1812 (Welland: Canadian Military Institute, 1908), p. 191; Louis Francois Georges Baby, Châteauguay: Qui Est "Témoin Oculaire" et sa description de la bataille est-elle correcte? (Montreal; A.-R. Pelletier, 1900), passim. Baby's reasoned argument largely ended speculation as to the identity of Témoin Oculaire.

2 The Quebec Mercury, op. cit., One calculation of the "three to four arpents" would make the abatis between 586 and 768 feet in length.

3 University of Montreal, Baby Collection. Correspondance Generale, p. 1086, Michael O'Sullivan to Charles de Salaberry, Montreal, 6 November 1813; ibid., p. 1151, Charles de Salaberry to Michael O'Sullivan, Chambly, 12 November 1813.

4 William Wood, op. cit., p. 396, de Salaberry to Baynes, advanced posts, 1 November 1813.

5 Benjamin Sulte, op. cit., p. 36, citing Pinguet; Seeing that the enemy was not advancing, we started to fortify our position with trees and to dig a trench. We spent three days and three nights behind these trenches waiting for the enemy. About a half league above us, was a wooded point which extended into the river; only the road crossed it. Colonel de Salaberry had an abatis built there which our pickets have since guarded and where the battle took place. The abatis was started on Sunday (24 October).

6 Joseph Bouchette, A Geographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada . . . (London: William Faden, 1815), map facing p. 117.

7 The Montreal Gazette, Saturday, 11 May 1895, n.p., Interview with Robert Morrison; William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 423.

8 Quebec, Provincial Archives, original in ink and watercolour on exhibit.

9 Robert Sellar, U.S. Campaign, p. 7. Sellar makes several errors, including identification of Macdonell's Light Battalion as Glengarry Highlanders.

10 William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 423, citing Morrison; ibid., p. 396, de Salaberry to Baynes, 1 November 1813.

11 The Canadian Gleaner (Huntingdon), 28 March 1895, confidential report, Adjutant General Baynes to Sir George Prevost, n.d.

12 William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 426, citing Morrison; ibid., p. 424; ibid., p. 419, G. Macdonell to Donaldson, Whitehall, 14 January 1817; "Major General De Watteville having only come up from his station some miles in the rear at the close of the affair, after the enemy had been defeated, in consequence of a notification sent to him by myself that even then we were warmly engaged by the enemy."

13 Ibid., p. 424, citing Morrison; interview by Victor J. H. Suthren 12 July 1971.

14 Joseph Bouchette, The British Dominions in North America: or, A Topographical and Statistical Description of the Provinces of Lower and Upper Canada . . . (London; Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1832), Vol. 2, p. 308; William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 427, citing Morrison; ibid., p. 425.

15 Consult plans included in text.

The Battle

1 The Quebec Mercury, op. cit. This may include Benson's company of Little Falls, New York, men; Robert Sellar, U.S. Campaign, p. 7.

2 John Brannan, op. cit., p. 250, Hampton's report.

3 Ibid., p. 276, Purdy's report. Purdy's exact position at sunrise is difficult to pinpoint; his "six miles" would put him well past the fords. The likelihood is that Purdy's men were approximately in the vicinity of present-day Brysonville or slightly downstream; Robert Sellar, The Histories of the County of Huntingdon and of the Seignories of Châteauguay and Beauharnois, from their First Settlement to the Year 1838 (Huntingdon; The Canadian Gleaner, 1888) (hereafter cited as History), p. 95. Sellar identifies Hampton's camp just west of Ormstown on Lots 1 to 3 as per the 1888 cadestral division, at the junction of the Outardes and Châteauguay rivers.

4 Ibid., p. 105; Sellar suggests that de Salaberry had an Indian picket upriver at Lot 19 which Hampton captured without notice.

5 William Wood, op. cit., p, 403, citing O'Sullivan; ibid., p. 85.

6 The Quebec Mercury, op. cit.; Benjamin Sulte, op. cit., p. 45. citing Pinguet; On Tuesday (26 October), as the woodcutters (of the abatis placed in front of the four lines) were finishing a few things not yet done, a party of 10 men from our company (Fencibles) and of 20 men from the Voltigeurs, who were ahead (further than the abatis) to protect the workers, noticed the enemy's approaching advanced guard.

Our men fired a few rounds at the enemy, sounding the alarm. Our company (Ferguson) was soon sent to the abatis with orders to start and sustain the action, which was done.

7 John Fraser, "The March of the Six Hundred McDonell Men," in: Canadian Pen and Ink Sketches, (Montreal; Gazette Printing Company, 1890), p. 39; William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 423, citing Morrison: "They camped where my barns are;" ibid., p. 428.

8 Robert Christie, Memoirs, p. 116, Hampton's report.

9 The Quebec Mercury, op. cit.; William D. Lighthall, op. cit., p. 17.

10 Ibid., p. 17; Robert Sellar, History, p. 9; Sellar suggests with some logic that the abatis pickets may have seen Purdy's men across the river early in the morning.

11 The Quebec Mercury, op. cit.; Robert Christie, Memoirs, p. 116, Hampton's report.

12 The Quebec Mercury, op. cit.; the de Rouville plan; Charles Marie Boissonnault, op. cit., p. 109; The Quebec Mercury, op. cit., William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 427, citing Morrison.

13 Ibid., p. 427; ibid., p. 85; the de Rouville plan; William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 427, citing Morrison, who identifies the location of the skirmish as Lot 36, slightly upriver of the present (1971) marker.

14 Robert Sellar, U.S. Campaign, p. 10. As the messenger mistakenly returned to Spears' first. Hampton did not receive it until already moving on the abatis; John Brannan, op. cit., p. 276, Purdy's report. Although no Canadian sources mentioned Indians as being with Daly or Brugière, the likelihood seems to be that some attached themselves to these companies and engaged with them in the attacks on Purdy. Morrison mentions Indians on the far bank, and it does not appear that mention of Indians in American reports sprang from the latter's apprehensive fear of them.

15 Robert Sellar, U.S. Campaign, p. 9; Robert Christie, Memoirs, p. 116, Hampton's report; Charles Marie Boissonnault, op. cit., p. 109; The Quebec Mercury, op. cit.; William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 429, citing Morrison.

16 William Lighthall, op. cit., p. 19; The Quebec Mercury, op. cit. The credit for the distracting use of the bugles appears to lie largely with Macdonell, if O'Sullivan's account is accurate. De Salaberry approved of O'Sullivan's facts, and the latter clearly suggests that it was Macdonell's orders which initiated the bugling in the reserves. De Salaberry's own use of shouting and his few bugles do not conflict with the very real credit owing to Macdonell; Robert Christie, Memoirs, p. 117, Hampton's report. Retiring members of Purdy's column, hearing the noise, carried reports of it to Purdy and later Hampton; The Quebec Mercury, op. cit.

17 John Brannan, op. cit., p. 276, Purdy's report. "About 2 o'clock the enemy made a furious attack. . . . Unfortunately the word 'retreat' was heard, which for a short time spread confusion among the several corps. A sufficient number, however. remained firm, and the enemy was soon compelled to retire;" The Quebec Mercury, op. cit., William Lighthall, op. cit., p. 20; A later claim by Schiller's family for a medal gives the details of this episode.

18 The Quebec Mercury, op. cit.; William Wood, op. cit., p. 407; De Salaberry's love of stumps as lookouts led his father to wryly comment, "Tu es, je pense, le premier général qui ait gagné une bataille étant grimpé sur un souche;" Benjamin Sulte, Bulletin de Recherches Historiques, Vol. 28 (January 1922), p. 15, L. de Salaberry to C. de Salaberry, Beauport, 6 November 1813; Charles Marie Boissonnault, op. cit., p. 111; William James, op. cit., p. 311; Robert Christie, Memoirs, p. 117. Hampton's report; Ernest Cruikshank, op. cit., p. 89, suggests an average per man ammunition expenditure of between 36 and 40 rounds.

19 William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 424, citing Morrison; Directly across from the Cross farm house as it stood in 1971; John Brannan, op. cit., p. 276, Purdy's report.

20 William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 424, citing Morrison; Robert Sellar, History, p. 140; William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 426, citing Morrison; Robert Sellar, History, p. 108; Ernest Cruikshank, op. cit., p. 88; William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 392, Prevost to Bathurst, Montreal, 30 October 1813.

21 The Quebec Mercury, op. cit., William Wood. op. cit., p. 391, de Salaberry to his father, "dans le bois en haut de la Rivière," 29 October 1813; William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 86.

22 The Montreal Gazette, Tuesday, 2 November 1813, general order, E. Baynes, La Fourche on the Châteauguay River, n.d.; The Quebec Mercury, op. cit.; This may have occurred during the 10:00 A.M. picket clash or during the skirmishing during the retreat at the abatis in the afternoon.

23 Ibid., John Brannan, op. cit., p. 277, Purdy's report.

24 Ibid., p. 277; Robert Christie, Memoirs, p. 117, Hampton's report; William Wood, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 424, cites Morrison as identifying this as Neil Morrison's land, where "a few apple trees are still to be seen."

25 Ibid., p. 397; The Quebec Mercury, op. cit., The Montreal Gazette, Tuesday, 2 November 1813; Ernest Cruikshank, op. cit., p. 89; United States, National Archives, RG94, Manuscript Ledger, "Returns of the Killed and Wounded of American troops in Battles or Engagements with Indians, British or Mexican troops from the year 1790, to the Close of the War with Mexico 1848," compiled by Lieutenant Colonel J. H. Eaton, 3rd U.S. Infantry, 1860-51; Morrison, The Montreal Gazette, op. cit.

26 Robert Christie, Memoirs, p. 116, Hampton's report; The Quebec Mercury, op. cit., Robert Sellar, History, p. 143, also states they found American dead in the vicinity of the floating bridge.

27 The Quebec Mercury, op. cit., William Wood, op. cit., p. 396, de Salaberry to Baynes, advanced posts, 1 November 1813, and Vol. 2, p. 426, citing Morrison; The Quebec Mercury, op. cit., Ernest Cruikshank, op. cit., p. 90.

The Meaning of Châteauguay for Canada

1 John Brannan, op. cit., p. 274, Wilkinson to Armstrong, French Mills, 17 November 1813; ibid., p. 258, Wilkinson to Hampton, 6 November 1813.

2 Ibid., p. 259, Hampton to Wilkinson, 8 November 1813; ibid., p. 268, Wilkinson to Hampton, 12 November 1813.

3 Ibid., p. 269; Alfred T. Mahan, Sea Power in its Relation to the War of 1812 (Boston; Little, Brown and Company, 1905), Vol. 2, p. 117; University of Montreal, Baby Collection. Correspondence Generale, p. 1151, Charles de Salaberry to Michael O'Sullivan, 12 November 1813.

4 The Quebec Gazette, Thursday, 4 November 1813; De Salaberry had difficulty in receiving credit for his success in the engagement and did not receive any decoration until 1817, as did Macdonell; William Wood, op. cit., p. 391, Charles de Salaberry to L. de Salaberry, 29 October 1813.

5 Charles Stacey, "An American Plan for a Canadian Campaign," American Historical Review, Vol. 46, No. 2 (January 1941), p. 349; ibid., p. 356, Monroe to Brown, 10 February 1815; ibid., p. 355, Major General Robinson to Bathurst, 29 July 1816.