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Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 26
by Margaret Carter EndnotesIntroduction 1 Presbyterian Record (Montreal), Vol. 24 (September 1899), p. 261.
1 R.E. Gosnell, Compiled from the Year Book of British Columbia and Manual of Provincial Information to which is Added a Chapter Containing Much Special Information Respecting the Canadian Yukon and Northern Territory Generally (Victoria: R.E. Gosnell, 1897), p. 493, 2 Edwin Tappan Adney, The Klondike Stampede of 1897-1898 (Fairfield Wash.: Ye Galleon Press, 1968), pp. 73-74. 3 Canada. Parliament. Senate, Report of Special Committee of the Senate upon Opening Up Direct Communication between the Railway System of Canada and the Navigable Waters of the Yukon (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1898), p. 117. 4 Washington State Historical Society, Olympia, Washington, E.A. Becker Papers. Miscellaneous newspaper clipping entitled "Chilkoot Step Cutter Celebrates 77th Birthday; Surprised." 5 R.E. Gosnell, op. cit., p. 492. 6 Martha Louise Black, My Seventy Years, by Mrs. George Black As Told to Elizabeth Bailey Price (London: Nelson, 1938), p. 115. 7 Robert C. Kirk, Twelve Months in Klondike (London: Heinemann, 1899), p. 64. B United Church of Canada Archives, Victoria College, Toronto. Rev. J. Robertson Papers (hereafter cited as Robertson Papers), A.S. Grant to Robertson (no locations given), 28 February 1898. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 James M. Sinclair, J. A. Sinclair Papers. Private papers in the possession of Mr. James Sinclair, Winnipeg (hereafter cited as Sinclair Papers). Manuscript of a speech delivered to a Ladies Aid Group in Victoria by Arthur Copeland. N.d. (approx. 1900), p. 2. 13 Robertson Papers, A.S. Grant to Dr. J. Robertson, c/o Mr. McLean, 28 February 1898. 14 Ibid. In My Seventy Years Martha Black comments that "Instead of the dirt floor, we pounded the earth in small round poplar blocks," p. 122. 15 Robertson Papers, A.S. Grant, Lake Bennett, to Dr. J. Robertson, 29 March 1898. 16 Ibid., 28 February 1898. 17 Sinclair Papers, Copeland manuscript, p. 3. 18 Robertson Papers, A.S. Grant to Dr. J. Robertson, 28 February 1898. 19 Sinclair Papers, Sinclair's legend on a photograph taken in one of these bunkhouses is "Two men to a bunk of split slabs and blankets that smelled like axle grease" (Fig. 14). 20 Robertson Papers, loc. cit. 21 Ibid., St. Andrew's Manse, Lake Bennett, B.C., 29 March 1898. 22 Ibid.
1 As discussions at the tribunal proceeded, Canadians opened customs offices at the White Pass and Chilkoot summits. From February to May of that year, the Americans insisted on convoying goods to Bennett, refusing to recognize the Canadian claim to the Pass area. See "Appendix A. Annual Report of Superintendent Z.T. Wood, Tagish," November 1898 in Canada. Parliament, Annual Report of the Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police, 1898 (Ottawa. Queen's Printer, 1899), p. 47. 2 Murray Morgan, One Man's Gold Rush: A Klondike Album (Seattle: Univ. of Wash. Press, 1967), p. 45. 3 The Westminster: A Paper for the Home (hereafter cited as The Westminster), 16 July 1898, "Letters from the Klondike An Interesting Budget: Latest News from the Yukon Missionaries," Letter from Rev. R.M. Dickey, dated 29 May 1898, pp. 70-71. 4 Ibid., p. 70. 5 United Church of Canada Archives, Victoria College, Toronto, Robert McCahon Dickey (hereafter cited as Dickey), Yukon Diary 1897-99, 7 April 1898. 6 The Westminster, 16 July 1898, "Letters from the Klondike." Letter from R.M. Dickey at Bennett dated 29 May 1898, p. 70. The congregation itself was composed of many denominations, not just Presbyterians. On 16 July 1898 the Westminster's readers received the following note from Dickey in its series of "Letters from the Klondike": "At the request of a number of people I conducted a communion service last Sabbath. Fifty-nine joined in the celebration — four for the first time. They were composed as follows: 16 Presbyterians, 9 M.E., 10 Wesleyans, 4 Christian Church, 3 Episcopalians, 3 Lutheran, 3 Baptist, 3 Congregationalists, 3 Roman Catholics, 1 Volunteer of America (converted saloon keeper), 4 denomination not stated," p. 71. 7 Ibid., pp. 70-71.
1 Robertson Papers, J.A. Sinclair to Dr. J. Robertson, 31 May 1898. 2 The Westminster 16 July 1898, "Letters from the Klondike." Letter from Rev. J.A. Sinclair, Skagway to Gordon, editor of the paper, 10 June 1898, pp. 72-73. 3 Paul T. Nolan, "Captain Jack Crawford: Gold Searcher turned Playmate," Alaska Review, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1964), p. 42. This ability was also evident in Dawson, see photos, Alaska Historical Library and Museum, Juneau, "North American Trading and Transportation Co. people at Dawson, July 4, 1900;" Public Archives of Canada, C1337; Public Archives of Canada, PA 16238 showing Crawford in the height of Dawson activity. 4 Robertson Papers, J.A. Sinclair to Dr. J. Robertson, 31 May 1898. Some evidence of this tension must have been evident earlier, for before Dickey joined Grant at Bennett, Grant had written to his supervisor (Robertson Papers, A.S. Grant, Lake Bennett, to Rev. Dr. Robertson, 29 March 1898): "The beauty of it is that it [St. Andrew's Church, Lake Bennett] is not a union church, but a Presbyterian. While it is not wise in this work to give too great prominence to denominationalism, yet I am convinced that wherever we set up a mission, it should be not union but Presbyterian . . . We are first on the field, our people are supporting us in the work, and why should we make our churches union. We can be as Catholic as our Creed in our teachings and in the charity we extend toward others, but our work must be defined." 5 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Rev. Norman B. Harrison, Sheldon, North Dakota, 27 April 1899, p. 71. 6 Ibid., pp. 71-72. 7 A comparison of photos Provincial Archives of British Columbia 13493 (Fig. 26) taken in 1898, and Sinclair collection "Bird's eye view of Lake Bennett looking South," October 1899 (Fig. 27) shows a shift in population and area development to the east. 8 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Dr. J. Robertson, 3 December 1900, p. 163. 9 The "Government Reserve" referred to in this case evidently belonged to the provincial government, as N-WMP reports the federal government had no reserve at Bennett. Wood's report (op. cit.), p. 41, states that the area in which federal government buildings stood had already been disposed of to private parties; indeed, the same report indicates the N-WMP purchased their buildings in Bennett from "Messrs. McLeod and Sullivan," owners of most of the townsite, p. 35. 10 The Presbyterian Record, "Home Mission Jottings — The Yukon," October 1898, pp. 294-95. 11 In Sinclair Papers, an undated manuscript version of a speech to a Ladies Aid Society in Victoria, Arthur Copeland, the layman who presided over many of these meetings, cites the Hotel Northern as the site in which they occurred. In a letter to Dr. Robertson, written from Skagway, 3 December 1900 (Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, p. 162), Sinclair himself states that his last service in Bennett was held in the Portland Hotel. As both men were participants, it must be assumed that both were correct; consequently, both places have been named. 12 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Norman B. Harrison, N. Dakota, 27 April 1899, p. 71, and J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Mrs. Laura Sinclair, 10 April 1899, p. 63.
1 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Mr. Bethune, Atlin, 1 May 1899, p. 77. 2 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Bennett, to Robertson, 3 December 1900, p. 163. 3 Ibid., p. 162. 4 Ibid., pp. 162 and 164. 5 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Bennett, to Principal R.M. Grant, 2 December 1900, p. 159. 6 This is the interpretation held in all published works in this building between The Westminster and Presbyterian Record in the 1900 period and an article in the Alaska Journal (Vol. 4, No. 4 [Autumn, 1974], pp. 242-50) published by J.M. Sinclair. This was also the belief of the people in Skagway and Whitehorse in the early 1970s. 7 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Bennett, to Dr. Campbell. 8 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Dr. Robertson, 3 December 1900, p. 165. 9 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to his father (Lanark County, Ontario), 9 January 1900, p. 193. 10 Ibid., J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Principal Grant, 2 December 1900, p. 159. 11 Ibid., J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to his father (Lanark County, Ontario, 9 January 1900, p. 193. 12 Ibid., J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Rev. R.H. Walton, D.D., Toronto, 28 December 1899, p. 106. 13 Ibid., J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to his father (Lanark County, Ontario) 9 January 1900, p. 193. J.M. Sinclair, J.A.'s son and the most credible authority on Sinclair family matters, writes in his Alaska Journal article, "Early in life the missionary had shown great love for all work of a mechanical nature. His father, who had homesteaded in Lanark County Ontario, had trained his son in the use of tools and together they had designed and built most of their farm buildings and had repaired and even constructed some of their own implements. The young man, having had access to mechanics and carpenters tools at an early age, as well as inheriting his father's mechanical ingenuity, had acquired a practical knowledge which now stood him in good stead, " p. 245. 14 Margaret Carter, "History," in Canada. Department of Indian and Northern Affairs. National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Dawson City, Y.T. Conservation Study Vol. 4 (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1974), pp. 12-21. 15 Barbara A. Humphreys and Meredith Sykes, The Buildings of Canada, A Guide to Pre-20th-Century Styles in Houses, Churches and Other Structures (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1976), p. 3. 16 Calder Loth, The Only Proper Style: Gothic Architecture in America (New York: Graphics, 1975), title. On p. 122 Loth provides evidence that gothic was the major style used in American churches between 1877 and 1929. 17 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Rev. R.H. Warden, Toronto, 3 March 1899, p. 14. 18 A sketch of the church appears undated in Sinclair's Letterbook on page 85 — which would place it in late May or early June 1899 if he used his pages sequentially (Fig. 29). 19 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Principal R.M. Grant, 2 December 1900, p. 159. From the contents of this letter it would appear that Sinclair bought both the slabs and the lumber at these prices around the same time. 20 It is unlikely that these were mass-produced windows as a survey of churches constructed at the turn of the century in British Columbia recorded by the Canadian Inventory of Historic Building reveals no similar windows. The only other example of such windows located in Canada was at Gravenhurst, Ontario (Fig. 52) in a church constructed in approximately 1890. As the Canadian Inventory of Historic Building's survey is not exhaustive, it is impossible to say whether other examples do exist; however, they are certainly not common enough to have been prefabricated. 21 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Bennett, to Rev. Dr. Campbell, Victoria, 12 July 1899, p. 104. 22 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Bennett, to Rev. R.H. Walton, 28 December 1899, p. 106: 'I received your notice one evening after working all day shingling in a snowstorm — had to do so or get no man to stick to the trying task, I was stiff and wet and chilled;' and Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Bennett, to Rev. Dr. Campbell, Victoria, 12 July 1899, p. 104. 23 Paul T. Mizony, "Gold Rush: A Boy's Impression of the Stampede into the Klondike during the days of 1898," p. 25. Hazel Hartshorn (Gloslie) Papers, Caption on back of photograph titled "Bennett Church" reads "my father helped build this church in his spare time." See also The Presbyterian Record, "Home Mission Jottings — The Yukon," p. 295. 24 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Dr. J. Robertson (no location given), 3 December 1900, p. 165. 25 Ibid., J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Principal R.M. Grant (no location given), 2 December 1900, p. 159. 26 Ibid., J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Dr. J. Robertson (no location given), 3 December 1900, p. 166. 27 Ibid., J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to Laura Sinclair (Ontario), 8 January 1900, p. 176. 28 Ibid., J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Dr. J. Robertson (no location given), 3 December 1900, p. 166. 29 Ibid. 30 The new organ was purchased by the Ladies Aid Society of St. Andrew's Church. See ibid., J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Dr. Robertson, 3 December 1900, p. 167. A photograph of the tiny portable organ can be seen in Figure 35. This organ is still in the possession of Mr. James Sinclair, Winnipeg. 31 The bell was ordered from George Powell & Co. of Victoria, B.C., for $17. Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to Scott, 30 January 1900, p. 211. 32 In a report on the wood contained in the Tagish district which covered the area from the Passes to Tagish in the south, Superintendent Z.T. Wood stated in his annual report (Canada. Parliament, Annual Report of the Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police, 1898 [Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1899], App. A, p. 50), "The timber on this district consists principally of fir, spruce, pine and poplar. On the low flats there are scrub willows." Presumably fir, spruce, or poplar may have been used for rough construction on the church as well. 33 Sinclair Papers, Loose Pages, J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to Laura Sinclair (Ontario), 22 November 1899, p. 2. 34 Ibid. 35 Ibid. 36 Ibid., Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Dr. J. Robertson, 3 December 1900, pp. 166 and 167. 37 See also Photo, Hazel Hartshorn Gloslie, Hartshorn Papers, "Bennett Church 1899." 38 Sinclair Papers, Loose Papers, J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to Laura Sinclair (Ontario), 22 November 1899, p. 3.
1 Presbyterian Record, "Home Mission Jottings — The Yukon," October 1899, p. 295. 2 Sinclair Papers, Loose Papers, J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to Laura Sinclair (Ontario), 22 November 1899, p. 4. 3 Hazel Hartshorn Gloslie, Hartshorn Papers, comment on back of photograph "Bennett Church 1899" reads "Mother gathered the few (3 or 4) children together and took us in the church for S.S. [Sunday School] lessons. We sat on boxes as the interior was never finished." The Hartshorns left Bennett in the fall of 1899. 4 Bennett Sun "The Presbyterian Church," 5 August 1899, p. 5. S Presbyterian Record, "Home Mission Jottings — The Yukon," "October 1899, p. 295. 6 Sinclair Papers, Loose Papers, J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to Laura Sinclair (Ontario), 22 November 1899, p. 4. 7 Ibid. 8 Presbyterian Record, "Experiences in Yukon by our Missionary J.A. Sinclair," April 1900, p. 100. 9 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to J.P. Taylor, Esq., Seattle, Washington, 14 March 1900, pp. 353-55. 10 Ibid., J.A. Sinclair, Bennett, to Laura Sinclair (Ontario), 19 February 1900, p. 298. 11 Sinclair Papers, Copeland Manuscript, p. 6. 12 Grant had evidently chinked the cabin with mud, which created a dust storm as it blew inside the cabin during the spring thaw of 1898. For an account, see The Westminster, "Letters from the Klondike," 16 July 1898, p. 70. 13 The Westminster, "En Route from the Klondyke: A Chat with Mr. Dickey," 30 September 1899, p. 353. 14 George Edward Gartrell, "The Work of the Churches in the Yukon during the Era of the Klondike Gold Rush" (M.A. thesis, Univ. of Western Ontario, 1970), pp. 154-68. 15 Ibid.; Gartrell, p. 153, states that parish autonomy in addition to strong financial support from the south were the reasons for Presbyterian success. While this argument is ultimately true, if the Presbyterian ministers had waited for financial support to arrive before moving, the mission field would have been slow in growing. Both Grant and Sinclair provided funds from their own pockets to develop the facilities they felt were necessary. See note 17; also Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Rev. R.H. Walton, Toronto, 28 December 1899, p. 105.
1 The Westminster, "En Route from the Klondyke: A Chat with Mr. Dickey," 30 September 1899, p. 354. 2 Martha Louise Black, op. cit., p. 110. 3 Although no evidence of the date of an intentional crackdown seems to be available in published N-WMP reports, it is possible it occurred after July 1900 when P.C.H. Primrose became the new N-WMP superintendent of the district. Canada. Parliament, Annual Report of the Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police, 1900 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1901), App. A, "Annual Report of Superintendent P.C.H. Primrose, commanding H. Division, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory," 15 December 1900, p. 34. 4 Bennett Sun various ads, 31 May and 5 August 1899. 5 Minnesota Historical Society, George A. Brackett Papers, Vol. 14, Box 3. George A. Brackett, Chicago, to Chas. W. Needham, Washington, D.C., 2 May 1899. 6 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to MacLaren 20 February 1899. However, the page allocation in the Sinclair papers would argue the date of this letter as 1900. At that time, Sinclair wrote that Bennett's population was "an average probably 500 people," p. 304. 7 Ibid.; also J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to MacLaren, 13 February 1900, p. 278: "There is only one family here now that was here a year ago. And out of from 50 to 120 who attended our services I do not think half a dozen were here six months ago." 8 Bennett Sun, 5 August 1899, excerpt beginning "Col. George Brackett," p. 4. 9 A comparison of names listed in advertisements in the Bennett Sun 31 May and 5 August 1899 issues, and R.L. Polk & Company Alaska-Yukon Gazetteer and Business Directory, 1903 (Seattle: R.L. Polk & Co., 1903), reveals that the following businesses relocated in Whitehorse: The Bennett Sun, P. Burns & Co., meat market; the Arctic Hotel and Restaurant; Whitney and Pedlar, merchants, and Taylor and Drury, merchants. Undoubtedly there were others. 10 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair to Copeland, 10 December 1899, p. 132. This letter refers to "Closeleigh" as the new name for "Whitehorse." Obviously it was an ill-fated attempt at change. 11 Presbyterian Record, "The Yukon, Atlin & C," January 1901, p. 16. 12 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Skagway, to Rev. R.H. Walton, D.D., Toronto, Ontario, 28 December 1899, p. 112. Sinclair's reasoning was based on the speed of scow and sailboat freighting: "scows and boats run the rapids thus saving transfer and the prevailing winds and the strong current both go with the freight during the whole season of navigation." 13 Presbyterian Record, "A Letter from Atlin B.C.," March 1902, p. 8. By this point, Russell is well settled in Atlin.
1 Thomas Arthur Rickard, Through the Yukon and Alaska (San Francisco: Mining and Scientific Press, 1909), p. 154. 2 W.D. McBride, "A Brief History of the White Pass and Yukon Route and the Trails of '98." Transcript, Indian and Northern Affairs Library, Whitehorse, 1945, p. 3.
1 "Impromptu Farewell Poem" by Capt. Jack Crawford found as a miscellaneous clipping in Sinclair Papers.
1 Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Lake Bennett, to Messrs. Bailey Bros., Vancouver, B.C., 13 March 1900, p. 357.
1 Extract from Sinclair Papers, Letterbook, J.A. Sinclair, Bennett, to J.P. Taylor Esq., Seattle, Wash., 14 March 1900, pp. 354-55.
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