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Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 4
by Dale Miquelon EndnotesIntroduction 1 william L. Morton, Manitoba: A History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957), pp. 61-7. 2 For information on the background and milieu of Lower Fort Garry, in addition to the above, see R. Glover, "The Difficulties of the Hudson's Bay Company's Penetration of the West," Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 29, No. 3 (September 19481, pp. 240-54; Arthur S. Morton, "The Place of the Red River Settlement in the Plans of the Hudson's Bay Company," Canadian Historical Association, Annual Report, 1929, p. 105; Frank G. Roe, The North American Buffalo; A Critical Study of the Species in its Wild State (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951); W.L. Morton, "Agriculture in the Red River Colony," Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 30, No. 4 (December 1949), p. 316.
1 Hudson's Bay Company Archives (hereafter cited as HBCA), Governor George Simpson Journals, p. 72, first version, D.3/2, 2 HBCA, London Inward Correspondence from Governors of H.B.C. Territories - George Simpson hereafter cited as London Inward), Simpson's Dispatch, 18 July 1831, p. 377, A.12/1. The St. Andrew's Rapids are those referred to. 3 Ibid., p. 397, A.12/1. This reveals Simpson's apprehensions with regard to the colonists; Arthur S. Morton, Sir George Simpson, Overseas Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company; A Pen Picture of a Man of Action (Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1944), Ch. 9. 4 Margaret A. MacLeod, Lower Fort Garry (Winnipeg: Privately printed, 1957), p. 6. 5 R. Harvey Fleming and E.E. Rich, eds., Minutes of Council, Northern Department of Rupert Land, 1821-1831 (London: Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1940), p. 444. 6 HBCA, Governor George Simpson Correspondence Books Outward (General) (hereafter cited as Simpson Outward), Simpson to Christie, 10 July 1837, D.4/23. 7 HBCA, London Inward, Simpson's Dispatch, 18 July 1831, A.12/1. 8 HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to Bishop of Juliopolis, 16 March 1835, D.4/21. 9 Margaret A. MacLeod, "The City That Never Was," The Beaver, Outfit 281 (September 1950), p. 12. 10 HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to Cary, 28 February 1838, D.4/23. 11 Margaret A. MacLeod, "The City That Never Was," The Beaver, Outfit 281 (September 1950), p. 15. 12 James Hargrave, The Hargrave Correspondence, 1821-1843 (Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1938), pp. 159-60, John Charles to James Hargrave, December 1834. "Premier" refers to Simpson and "Governor" to Governor Christie of Assiniboia. This suggests that Christie played some kind of supervisory role in the construction of Upper Fort Garry, perhaps helping to design it. Folk tradition ascribes the design of Lower Fort Garry to Christie as well, but whether this is indeed so remains to be proven. 13 Margaret A. MacLeod, "The City That Never Was," The Beaver, Outfit 281 (September 1950), p. 15. 14 Ibid.
1 Alexander Simpson, Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson, the Arctic Discoverer (London: Bentley, 1845), p. 257; George Pendleton, "HBC Explorers: Thomas Simpson, Explorer of the Western Arctic Coast," The Beaver, Outfit 259 (December 1928), pp. 107-9; Douglas MacKay and W. Kaye Lamb, "More Light on Thomas Simpson," The Beaver, Outfit 269 (September 1938), pp. 26-31; Thomas Simpson, Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America (London: Bentley, 1843). 2 W. Stewart Wallace, ed., The Macmillan Dictionary of Canadian Biography (Toronto: Macmillan, 1963). 3 George Bryce, The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company (Toronto: Briggs, 1900), p. 437.
1 HBCA, London Inward, Simpson's Dispatch, 18 June 1846, A.12/3. 2 E. E. Rich, The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670-1870 (London: Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1958), Vol. 2, p. 542. 3 HBCA, London Inward, Simpson's Dispatch, 23 July 1846, A.12/3. 4 This account of the occupation of Lower Fort Garry is from "Copy of the Diary of the Late Colonel J.F. Crofton, Commander of the First Red River Expedition, 1846-1847, forwarded to the Winnipeg Public Library by his son, Mr. H.T. Crofton of Oldfield, England, 1901." (Typescript.) 5 W.E. Ingersoll, "Redcoats at Fort Garry," The Beaver, Outfit 276 (December 1945), p. 17. 6 Eden Colvile, London Correspondence Inward from Eden Colvile, 1849-1852 (London: Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1956), pp. lxxiv-lxxv. This introduction by W.L. Morton is by far the best social and political history of Red River in the 1840s and early 1850s. It has been used extensively as a reference. 7 Ibid.
1 Ibid., pp. xciv-xcvi. 2 Ibid., p. cii. 3 Ibid., p. c. 4 Ibid., p. cvii. 5 John Rae, John Rae's Correspondence with the Hudson's Bay Company on Arctic Exploration, 1844-1855 (London: Hudson's Bay Company, 1953), p. 220. 6 David Anderson, Notes of the Flood at Red River, 1852 (London: Hatchard's, n.d.), p. 220.
1 W.L. Morton, Manitoba: A History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957), p. 84. 2 Robert M. Ballantyne, Hudson Bay; or Everyday Life in the Wilds of North America During Six Years Residence in the Territories of the Hon. Hudson Bay Company (London: Thomas Nelson, 1916), pp. 98-100; Harold A. Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada, an Introduction to Canadian Economic History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956), p. 291. 3 Robert M. Ballantyne, op. cit., p. 153, 4 Canada, Public Archives (hereafter cited as PAC), MG19, A25, Robert Campbell, From the Highlands to Fort Garry, p. 161. 5 Robert M. Ballantyne, op. cit., p. 153. 6 HBCA, Lower Fort Garry, Post Journals (hereafter cited as Journal), for example, Tuesday, 7 September 1869, B.303/a/1. 7 Ibid., 26 July 1862, The date at which this route was opened remains unknown to the author. 8 Paul Kane, Wanderings of an Artist Among the Indians of North America (London: Longman, Brown, Green, 1859), p. 99. 9 Harold A. Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956), p. 293. 10 Alvin C. Gluek, Jr., "The Minnesota Route," The Beaver, Outfit 286 (Spring 1956), pp. 44-5. 11 Alvin C. Gluek, Jr., "The Fading Glory," The Beaver, Outfit 288 (Winter 1957), p. 51. 12 Ibid., p. 52. 13 Harold A, Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956), p. 294. 14 Alvin C. Gluek, Jr., "The Minnesota Route," The Beaver, Outfit 286 (Spring 1956), p. 45. 15 Alvin C, Gluek, Jr., "The Fading Glory," The Beaver, Outfit 288 (Winter 1957), p. 52. 16 Harold A. Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956), p. 341. 17 Sir James Carnegie, Earl of Southesk, Saskatchewan and the Rocky Mountains (Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1875), p. 34. 18 Alvin C. Gluek, Jr., "The Fading Glory," The Beaver, Outfit 288 (Winter 1957), pp. 53. 19 lbid., p. 53; but Robert Campbell's Journal (p. 175) contradicts this. 20 Ibid. 21 HBCA, Journal, 26 August 1869, 24 June 1872, 13 July 1872, 26 September 1873. 22 Ibid., 29 August 1871. 23 Alvin C. Gluek, Jr., "The Fading Glory," The Beaver, Outfit 288 (Winter 1957), pp. 54-5. 24 Henry M. Robinson, The Great Fur Land (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle, 1879), pp. 78-9. 25 Donald Gunn and Charles R. Tuttle, History of Manitoba from the Earliest Settlement to 1835 (Ottawa: MacLean Roger, 1880), pp. 269-70.
1 Henry M. Robinson, op. cit., pp. 74-7. 2 Manitoba. Public Archives, Samuel Taylor's Journal, 1863-1867. 3 Ibid., p. 25. 4 HBCA, Journal. 5 HBCA, Simpson Outward, Simpson to Cary, London, 28 February 1838, D.4/23. 6 Roderick Campbell, "Reminiscences of H.B.C. Pioneers: Alexander Lillie," The Beaver, Vol. 4, No. 1 (October 1923), pp. 16-7. 7 Roderick Campbell, The Father of St. Kilda (London: Russell, 1901), pp. 112-3. 8 Manitoba. Public Archives, "Survey of Jan. 1, 1875 by A.H. Vaughan, Deputy Surveyor." (Photostat of map.) 9 Photo of garden in National Historic Sites Service files. 10 HBCA, Journal, 7 April 1869, 26 April 1869. 11 Ibid., 26 April 1869, 19 November 1871. 12 Ibid., 19 October 1869, 4 April 1870. 13 Manitoba. Public Archives, Samuel Taylor's Journal, September 1863. 14 Ibid., November 1865, p. 25. 15 HBCA, London Inward, Simpson to Governor and Committee, 23 July 1846, A.12/3. 16 HBCA, Journal, 14 November 1870. 17 Ibid., 18 April 1871; see also Manitoba, Public Archives, Archibald Papers, Spence, Collector of Customs, to Lt. Gov. Archibald, 9 March 1871. 18 Henry M, Robinson, op. cit., pp. 80-1. "Whale boats" refers to York boats.
1 The present account follows those of G.F.G. Stanley in his Louis Riel (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1963) and The Birth of Western Canada (London: Longmans, Green, 1936). 2 HBCA, Journal, 28 October 1869. 3 Ibid., 3 November 1869. 4 Alexander Begg, Red River Journal and Other Papers Relative to the Red River Resistance of 1869-70 (Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1956), pp. 188-9. 5 HBCA, Journal, 28 November 1869. 6 Ibid., 27 November 1869. 7 Ibid., 29 November 1869. 8 Ibid., 1 December 1869. 9 Ibid., 2 December 1869. 10 Ibid., 4 December 1869. 11 Ibid., 6 December 1869. 12 Ibid., 10 December 1869. 13 G.F.G. Stanley, Louis Riel (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1963), p. 155, 14 HBCA, Journal, 11 December 1869. 15 Ibid., 13 December 1869. 16 Ibid., 16 December 1869. 17 Ibid., 17 December 1869. 18 G.F.G. Stanley, op. cit., p. 90; HBCA, Journal, 18 January 1870. 19 Ibid., 24 January 1870. 20 Alexander Begg, op. cit., pp. 318-9. 21 HBCA, Journal, 21 February 1870. 22 Alexander Begg, op. cit., p. 320. 23 HBCA, Journal, 22 February 1870. 24 Robert Watson, Lower Fort Garry, a History of the Stone Fort (Winnipeg: Hudson's Bay Company, 1928), p. 36. Inkster was certainly wrong in another recollection here recorded that "Donald A, Smith never spent a night at this time away from the Upper Fort." In telling this tale Watson admits, "Close investigation hardly bears this out." 25 Ibid., p. 35. 26 G.F.G. Stanley, Louis Riel (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1963), p. 109. 27 Alexander Begg, The Creation of Manitoba (Toronto: Hunter, Rose, 1871), p. 295. 28 HBCA, Journal, 24 March 1870. 29 Ibid., 21 July 1870, 23 July 1870. 30 Ibid., 26 July 1870. 31 Ibid., 23 August 1870. 32 G.F.G. Stanley, Louis Riel (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1963), p. 155. 33 HBCA, Journal, 24 August 1870. 34 Ibid., 26 August 1870; 28 August 1870; 30 August 1870; 31 August 1870. 35 Ibid., 6 September 1870. 36 Ibid., 19 September 1870. 37 Ibid., numerous references between 14 September and 4 November 1870. 38 Ibid., 15 January 1871. 39 Ibid., 27 January 1871. 40 Ibid., 18 April 1871. 41 Ibid., 7 June 1871. 42 Ibid., 4 October 1871. 43 See correspondence between Archibald and Joseph Howe in PAC, MG24, B29, Joseph Howe Papers, Correspondence, Vols. 6-10, 30. 44 HBCA, Journal, 6 October to 10 October 1871. 45 Ibid., 19 October 1871 to 20 November 1871. 46 Ibid., 28 November 1871. 47 Donald Gunn and Charles R. Tuttle, op. cit., pp. 269-70.
1 HBCA, Journal, 22 May 1871. 2 Robert Watson, op. cit., pp. 43-4, 53. 3 G.F.G. Stanley, The Birth of Western Canada (London: Longmans, Green, 1936), p. 208, quoting Archibald to Howe, 19 July 1871. 4 Robert Watson, op. cit., p. 45, quoting Wemyss Simpson. 5 HBCA, Journal, 24 July 1871, 6 Manitoba, Public Archives, Archibald Papers, Items 395, 402; Robert Watson, op. cit., p. 46, quoting Wemyss Simpson. 7 Watson map. Traditionally ascribed site. 8 HBCA, Journal, 25 July 1871. 9 Ibid., 27 July 1871. 10 G.F.G. Stanley, The Birth of Western Canada (London: Longmans, Green, 1936), pp. 208-9. 11 HBCA, Journal, 27 July 1871. 12 Ibid., 28 July 1871 to 2 August 1871. 13 Ibid., 2 August 1871. 14 Robert Watson, op. cit., pp. 46-7, quotes Wemyss Simpson on treaty terms. 15 G.F.G. Stanley, The Birth of Western Canada (London: Longmans, Green, 1936), p. 431. For treaty and verbal agreement, see Canada, Indian Treaties and Surrenders (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1891), Vol. 1, pp. 282-5, with map of surrender territory.
1 PAC, RG18, B3, Vol. 1, Osborne Smith's Letter Book as Acting Commissioner of N.W.M.P. The book runs from 17 October to 13 December 1873. It seems unlikely that he began his duties at such a late date. 2 Ibid., p. 8. 3 Ibid., p. 54. 4 PAC, RG18, A1, Item 70-74, Colonel French's Report on Condition of N.W.M.P., Lower Fort Garry, 7 January 1874. 5 Ibid., Vol. 2, Item 79-74, Account Statement, "The Dominion Government to A. MacArthur et Co., For building and alterations and repairs at Lower Fort Garry for Mounted Police." 6 Ibid., 81, N.W.M.P. Papers, Osborne Smith's Letter Book, pp. 72, 84, 88. 7 Ibid., pp. 34, 42-4. 8 Ibid., pp. 42-4; French, "Report." 9 Ibid., French, "Report." 10 Ibid., Smith's Letter Book, p. 7. 11 Ibid., French, "Report." 12 Samuel 8. Steele, Forty Years in Canada (Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild, Stewart, 1918), p. 63. 13 PAC, RG18, 81, Smith's Letter Book, p. 11. 14 HBCA, Journal, 26 October 1873. 15 PAC, RG18, 81, Smith's Letter Book, p. 42. 16 Ibid., French, "Report." 17 Ibid., Smith's Letter Book, pp. 38-9. 18 Samuel B. Steele, op. cit., p. 60. 19 Thomas M. Longstreth, The Silent Force (New York: Century, 1927), pp. 9-10. 20 PAC, RG18, 81, French, "Report." 21 Ibid. 22 Samuel B. Steele, op. cit., pp. 60-1. 23 John P. Turner, The North West Mounted Police, 1873-1893 (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1950), p. 99. 24 Samuel B. Steele, op. cit., p. 62. 25 John P. Turner, op. cit., p. 99. 26 Ibid., pp. 102-3. 27 Samuel B. Steele, op. cit., p. 63. At this time the police were wearing an irregular uniform consisting of "scarlet serge frocks with dark blue collars and cuffs and Canada Militia buttons — the uniform of the Toronto Military School." John P. Turner, op. cit., p. 119.
1 W.T. Easterbrook and Hugh G.J. Aitken, Canadian Economic History (Toronto: Macmillan, 1956), p. 426. 2 John M. Gibbon, Steel of Empire (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), p. 178. 3 Ibid., pp. 176-8. 4 Ibid., pp. 191-2. 5 W.T. Easterbrook and Hugh G.T. Aitken, op. cit., p. 427. 6 John M. Gibbon, op. cit., p. 182. 7 Donald G. Creighton, John A. Macdonald (Toronto: Macmillan, 1955), Vol. 2, p. 287. 8 W.T. Easterbrook and Hugh G.T. Aitken, op. cit., p. 428. 9 Harold A. Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956), p. 343. 10 Ibid., p. 344 11 Ibid. 12 Winnipeg Evening Tribune, Magazine Section, 16 May 1931.
1 Canada, Order in Council, P.C. 255, 17 January 1951.
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