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Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 2
An Archaeological Study of Clay Pipes from the King's Bastion, Fortress
of Louisbourg
by Iain C. Walker
Endnotes
1It is difficult to trace this attribution to its source.
Croker (1835: 30) correctly, though not on entirely accurate grounds,
attributed this and the related types 7 and 8 — dated by Oswald
(1960: 58) to about 1670-1710 and about 1680-1720. respectively —
to the reign of William III. Lamb (1852: 30-1) appears to have been the
first to suggest a possible continental origin for these types, from
their appearance on campsites of William's troops during the English
Revolution. Unfortunately, he appears to have confused his references to
his illustrations, and the types to which he refers are not the types he
probably means (cf. Smith 1860: 211-2). Smith, Fairholt (1859: 169), and
Jewitt (1863: 76-7; 1878, I: 293, 295) follow the ascription of these
pipes to William's time on the grounds of their discovery in his camps,
but they do not specifically suggest they could have been of Dutch
origin or inspiration. Certainly the period of 1670-1710 sees the
widespread introduction of these shapes in England (cf. Atkinson 1964:
Pl. facing p. 73; Parsons 1964: 236, Fig, 1, 237, 238; and Oswald 1961:
59, Fig. 1, and 61, Fig. 2). In a deposit sealed in 1683 in Durham,
Parsons found only one pipe of this general class: a Marlborough,
Wiltshire, import (additional information from J. E. Parsons at Autumn
Conference of the Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology, Durham,
November, 1967).
2The information here and elsewhere on the important Tippet family
has been rewritten to include documentary evidence from the writer's
Bristol research: dating given here thus does not always agree with
statements in Omwake 1958 and Oswald 1969.
3A pipemaker's gross was greater than the normal 144 during the
manufacturing process to allow for breakages. Fleming (1923: 240) says
200; Brongers (1964a: 140, n. 1), 160, but it seems that the number
changed with the stages of the process. At Andenne, Belgium, a gross
was 174 at the trimming stage, 168 at the polishing stage, and 144 after
the firing stage in the 1930s (Javaux 1935: 10). At Gouda in the 18th
century a moulder's gross was 168 and of this, 8 were kept to recompense
a worker who broke a pipe (Duhamel du Monceau 1771: 23-4). In the
present Gouda pipe industry the gross is initially 180; after stoving,
160, and after firing, 144 (Terstraeten [1968]: 18). At McDougall's in
Glasgow a gross was formerly 192 in the early stages of the process
(Walker and Walker 1969: 134).
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