Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 2

An Archaeological Study of Clay Pipes from the King's Bastion, Fortress of Louisbourg

by Iain C. Walker

Acknowledgements

Casemate 1 Right was excavated by my wife Ll. de Sansoucy Walker between February and July, 1964, under the supervision of Donald G. MacLeod of the Fortress of Louisbourg Restoration Section, lately of the Archaeology Division, National Museum of Man, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa. The care of the workmen, in particular Mr. Alex MacNeil and Mr. Alfred Simmons, contributed greatly to this study. The writer wishes to state that the interpretation of the findings is entirely that of himself and his wife and that it takes into account stratigraphic and historical evidence but no artifact evidence other than that from the pipes. The right face casemates were excavated under the direction of Peter D. Harrison, at that time with the Fortress of Louisbourg Restoration Section and now of Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, during the summer of 1963. As with Casemate 1 Right, only stratigraphic and historical evidence from this area is used in this study.

I should like to express my sincere gratitude to the many people whose correspondence has helped elucidate many points and contributed greatly to the final structure of this work. In particular, I should like to acknowledge the unstinting help and encouragement of the late H. G. Omwake.

In the first part, Figure 1 is from an original taken by the Royal Canadian Air Force; Figure 2 is from an original in the National Air Photography Library; Figure 3 is from a copy of a map held by the Fortress of Louisbourg Restoration Section; Figure 4, a-c are from originals held by the Restoration Section; Figure 4, d is from an original taken by the Nova Scotia Tourist Bureau, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Figure 27 is by the writer; Figures 31 and 33 are by Ll. de Sansoucy Walker; Figures 32 and 34 are by A. MacNeil of the photographic department of the Restoration Section. In the second part, Figure 37 was taken by A. MacNeil, and Figure 48 is by the writer. All other photographs were taken by Georges Lupien, National Historic Sites Service, Ottawa.

The text of the first part has been in manuscript form since January, 1966, and of the second since February, 1966. Some references to subsequently available information have been included, but material from the writer's present research at the University of Bath, England, on pipe-making in general and the Bristol industry in particular; and from A. Oswald's recent work on the pipes from Port Royal, Jamaica (Clay Smoking Pipes recovered from the Sunken City of Port Royal, vols. 1 [1968] and 1 [1969], R. F. Marx, Jamaica National Trust Commission, Kingston, both volumes mimeographed typescript) have not been included as this would have involved too radical a set of additions. Similarly, the important study of London pipemaking by D. Atkinson and A. Oswald ("London Clay Tobacco Pipes," Journal of the Archaeological Association, vol. XXXII, 3rd ser. [1969] pp. 171-227) appeared too late for incorporation of its material, as did A. Oswald's "The Clay Tobacco Pipe: Its Place in English Ceramics," Transactions of the English Ceramic Circle, vol. 7, pt. 3 (1970), pp. 222-45; while a copy of S. Laansma's Pijpmakers en Pijpmerken 1724-1865 (privately produced in mimeograph in 1960) was not obtained by me until July, 1969, again too late for its extensive additional information on Gouda makers to be incorporated.