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Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 18
by Raymond F Baker EndnotesPreface 1 With regard to dating, throughout the text New Style dates are used even though England and the American colonies did not adopt the Gregorian calendar until 1752.
1 Timber in this context refers to charpente construction. "Picquet" or piquet buildings were constructed of vertical posts set side by side and placed in the ground or on wooden sills. 2 For a detailed discussion of the establishment and early history of Louisbourg, see John Stewart McLennan, Louisbourg From Its Foundation to Its Fall, 1713-1758 (London: Macmillan, 1918), pp. 1-127. Walter L. Dorn, Competition tor Empire, 1740-1763 (New York: Harper and Bros., 1940), p. 165, writes that "Louisbourg, more useful as a naval base than as a fortress . . ., was admirably placed for raids on the American coastal trade, but its great importance lay in the fact that it stood at the gate of the St. Lawrence, the natural highway into the heart of Canada." Gerald S. Graham, Empire of the North Atlantic: The Maritime Struggle for North America (Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1950), p. 116, says Louisbourg promised to be "a natural base for the protection of the profitable French fisheries, a distributing centre to rival New England's Boston, and a springboard for the oft-dreamed recovery of Nova Scotia." 3 George A. Rawlyk, "New England Origins of the Louisbourg Expedition of 1745," Dalhousie Review, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Winter 1964), p. 471. 4 Howard H. Peckham, The Colonial Wars, 1689-1762 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1964), pp. 97-8; John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., pp. 109-11; George F.G. Stanley, Canada's Soldiers: The Military History of an Unmilitary People (Toronto: Macmillan, 1960), pp. 53-4. 5 George M. Wrong, ed., Louisbourg in 1745: The Anonymous "Lettre d'un Habitant de Louisbourg" (Cape Breton), Containing a Narrative by an Eye-witness of the Siege in 1745 (Toronto: Warwick & Rutter, 1897), p. 15. 6 See John A. Schutz, William Shirley, King's Governor of Massachusetts (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1961); Leonard W. Labaree, "The Royal Governors of New England," Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Transactions, 1933-37, Vol. 32 (1937), pp. 120-31, discusses the royal governors of Massachusetts and New Hampshire and their work, from Sir Edmond Andros to Thomas Gage. 7 John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., p. 131: Beamish Murdoch, A History of Nova Scotia, or Acadie (Halifax: J. Barnes, 1866), Vol. 2 (extracts), pp. 46-7; Usher Parsons, The Life of Sir William Pepperrell (Boston: Little, Brown, 1856), p. 48. 8 William Shirley, Correspondence of William Shirley, Governor of Massachusetts and Military Commander in America, 1731-1760, ed. Charles H. Lincoln (New York: Macmillan, 1912) (hereafter cited as Correspondence), Vol. 1, pp. 159-60. See also Massachusetts. Secretary of the Commonwealth, Division of Public Records, Court Records, 17, 4, p. 629; and Canada. Public Archives (hereafter cited as PAC), MG11, PRO, CO5, Vols. 5, 900, p. 147. 9 John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., p. 133. 10 Herbert Richmond, The Navy in the War of 1739-48 (New York: Mcmillan, 1912), Vol. 2, p. 202. For a brief sketch of Warren's career, see Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Scribner's, 1928-36), Vol. 19, pp. 485-7. 11 Herbert Richmond, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 204; PAC, MG12, Admiralty Records, Bundle 3817, pp. 405-13, Shirley to Warren, 29 January 1744-45 (O.S.). 12 William Shirley, Correspondence, Vol. 1, pp. 196-9, Warren to Shirley, 24 February 1744-45 (O.S.), quoted in Shirley to Newcastle, 27 March 1744-45 (O.S.); John A. Schutz, op. cit., p. 95. 13 Herbert Richmond, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 209. 14 Francis Parkman, A Half-Century of Conflict (Boston: Little, Brown, 1903), Vol. 2, p. 64. 15 Benjamin Franklin, The Works of Benjamin Franklin, ed. John Bigelow (New York: G.P. Putnam Sons, 1904), Vol. 4, p. 127, Franklin to John Franklin, [May?] 1745. 16 Louis Effingham de Forest, ed., Louisbourg Journals 1745 (New York: Society of Colonial Wars, 1932), p. 110. This journal appears to be a slightly different copy of the original report of the campaign, dated 20 October 1745 (O.S.) sent by Governor Shirley to England, found in PAC, MG11, PRO, CO5, Vol. 900, pp. 248ff. See also Seth Pomeroy, The Journals and Papers of Seth Pomeroy, Sometime General in the Colonial Service, ed. Louis Effingham de Forest (New York: Society of Colonial Wars, 1926), p. 14n. 17 John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., pp. 137-8; Seth Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 14. For Rhode Island's defence of her action see John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., pp. 144-6, Governor Warton to the Agent of Rhode Island in London, 20 December 1745 (O.S.). 18 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 2. 19 Henry Sweetser Burrage, Maine at Louisbourg (Augusta: Burleigh and Flint, 1910), p. 19. 20 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections (hereafter cited as MHSC), Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), pp. 105-6; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 84; Usher Parsons, op. cit., pp. 51-2; Edmund M. Wheelwright, "A Frontier Family," Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Publications, Vol. 1 (1892-94), p. 300. 21 Colony of Connecticut, Colonial Records of Connecticut 1744-50, Series 1, Vol. 9 (1876), pp. 81-9; John Russell Bartlett, ed., Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England (Providence: A.C. Greene and Brothers, State Printers, 1856-65), Vol. 5 (1741-56), pp. 102-5; John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., p. 136. 22 Jonathan Law, "Papers of Jonathan Law," Connecticut Historical Society, Collections, Vol. 2 (1907); ibid., Vol. 1 (1907), p. 275, Law to John Prentis, 1 April 1745 (O.S.). 23 Usher Parsons, op. cit., pp. 51-5; John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., pp. 129-30; Bryon Fairchild, Messrs. William Pepperrell: Merchants of Piscataqua (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1954), p. 175. 24 William Pepperrell, "The Sir William Pepperrell Journal," ed. Benjamin Green, American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, Vol. 20(1909), p. 139. 25 Joseph Lister Rutledge, Century of Conflict: The Struggle Between the French and British in Colonial America (Garden City: Doubleday, 1956), p. 328; John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., p. 137; Roger Wolcott, "Journal of Roger Wolcott at the Siege of Louisbourg," Connecticut Historical Society, Collections, Vol. 1 (1860), p. 131. 26 "A Registry of Commissions in the Army Under the Command of the Hon. William Pepperrell, Esq., for an Expedition Against the French Settlements on Cape Breton, American Historical Register (June 1895) pp. 889-94; Henry S. Burrage, op. cit., p. 19. 27 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 141; Howard M. Chapin, "New England Vessels in the Louisbourg Expedition, 1745," New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 77 (January-April 1923), pp. 59-71, 95-110; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 180-3. 28 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 2-3; Seth Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 15. 29 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 6. 30 Ibid., p. 185. 31 MHSC, Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), p. 19, Shirley to Pepperrell, 22 April 1745 (O.S.). 32 Ibid., Series 6, Vol. 10, p. 4. 33 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 74; William Pepperrell and others, An Accurate Journal and Account of the Proceedings of the New-England Land-Forces, During the Late Expedition Against the French Settlements on Cape Breton to the Time of the Surrender of Louisbourg (London: n.p., 1746), p. 10. 34 Cadwallader Colden, "Cadwallader Colden Papers," New-York Historical Society, Collections, Vol. 3 (1743-47), pp. 108-9, James Alexander to Cadwallader Colden, 18 March 1744-45 (O.S.).
1 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 149; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 68, 75, 112; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 10; PAC, MG1, Depot des Fortifications des Colonies (hereafter cited as DFC), Ordre 216, fol. 5(v), "Rapport de Girard La Croix." 2 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 148; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 68, 74, 84; Benjamin Cleaves, "Benjamin Cleaves's Journal of the Expedition to Louisbourg, 1745," New-England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 66 (1912), p. 117; PAC, MG11, PRO, CO5, Vol. 900, pp. 248 ff. See also Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 112; William Shirley, Correspondence, Vol. 1, p. 274, Shirley to Newcastle, 28 October 1745 (O.S.). Shirley enclosed with this letter a copy of the official report prepared by Pepperrell and four other officers. 3 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 149; a contemporary map of the Gabarus Bay area found in the Louisbourg project archives shows the transports at anchor between Freshwater Cove and Flat Point. 4 MHSC, Series 5, Vol. 2 (1833), p. 126, Dr. Jeremy Belknap to Ebenezer Hazard, 10 May 1782; Herbert Richmond, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 211. Shirley himself seems to have had reservations about the efficacy of his instructions, and in a subsequent letter to Pepperrell authorized the general to act according to his own discretion in an emergency. See MHSC, Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), p. 13, Shirley to Pepperrell, 22 March 1744-45 (O.S.). 5 William Shirley, "Instructions given by William Shirley, Governour of Massachusetts, to William Pepperrell, Lieutenant General of the forces raised in New England, for an expedition against the French settlements on the Island of Cape Breton" (hereafter cited as "Instructions"), MHSC, Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), pp. 6-7. 6 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 272, "Duchambon au Ministre." 7 PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot, "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745. 8 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols., 272-4(v), "Duchambon au Ministre." 9 George M. Wrong, op. cit., pp. 11-12; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 273(v), 274(v)-5, "Duchambon au Ministre." 10 John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., p. 122; PAC, MG1, C11B, Vol. 26, fols. 61-8, "Duchambon au Ministre," 10 November 1744, as found in Tim LeGoff, "Artillery at Louisbourg," Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Louisbourg, 1967. 11 George M. Wrong, op. cit., p. 31; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 293, "Duchambon au Ministre"; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745. 12 John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., pp. 116, 123, 148; George M. Wrong, op. cit., pp. 21-2, 33; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot, "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745; "When we received the first intelligence of the preparations making in Boston last Spring, we were informed by our spies that the [provincial] fleet was intended, in the first place for Louisbourg, and that the English would come next to Quebec. We had the more cause to apprehend this, as according to what Messrs. du Chambon and Bigot had written us on the 13th of April respecting the disorders amoung the garrison of Isle Royale, that place was, through the defection of the troops, untenable." Edmund B. O'Callaghan, ed., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York (Albany: Weed, Parsons, 1853-87), Vol. 10, p. 15, de Beauharnois and Hocquart to Maurepas, 12 September 1745. 13 George M. Wrong, op. cit., pp. 32, 35. 14 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 275(v)-6, "Duchambon au Ministre"; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745; ibid., Ordre 216, fol. 5, "Rapport de Girard La Croix." 15 William Shirley, "Instructions," pp. 6 and 7; MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 4; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 68. 16 William Shirley, "Instructions," p. 8; William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 149; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 10, 68, 74, 112; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 10. 17 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 84. 18 Ibid., pp. 75, 84, 112; PAC, MG1, F3 Vol. 50, fols. 276-276(v), "Duchambon au Ministre"; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 216, fol. 5, "Rapport de Girard La Croix"; ibid., Ordre 218, Bigot, "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745; Seth Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 21; Adonijah Bidwell, "Expedition to Cape Breton: Journal of Rev. Adonijah Bidwell," "New-England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 27 (1873), p. 154. 19 PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 216, fol. 5, "Rapport de Girard La Croix." 20 While there is no explicit written evidence to substantiate this view, it is unlikely that all the troops went ashore only at Freshwater Cove; the cove is too small to accommodate that many men. A contemporary French map of the Louisbourg-Gabarus Bay area, however, does indicate that the provincials came ashore at several places between the cove and Flat Point (see Figs. 5, 7, and 8). 21 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 149; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 112; William Shirley, Correspondence, Vol. 1, p. 274, Shirley to Newcastle, 28 October 1745 (O.S.). 22 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 10 and 11; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 276(v)-7, "Duchambon au Ministre." 23 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 276(v); Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 75; John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., Appendix, pp. 362-3. "Many that was there . . . [at the northeast harbour] was much blamed for destroying so much of what wee had got in possession and I think very justly — for I can't suppose they had any prospect of doing good thereby, altho wee generally thou't afterwards it was a means of the French's deserting the Grand Battery and if so, was to us gain"; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 11. 24 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 276(v)-7, "Duchambon au Ministre." 25 This was not true of Francis Parkman, who did understand the sequence of events. (See Francis Parkman, A Half-Century of Conflict [Boston: Little, Brown, 1903], Vol. 2, p. 100.) It has been suggested that William Wood, The Great Fortress: A Chronicle of Louisbourg, 1720-1760 (Toronto: Glasgow, Brook, 1915), is the source of the misunderstanding, but this is not necessarily the case. Wood certainly failed to grasp the actual sequence of events and contributed little to clear up the matter. He claimed that the smoke of the burning houses in the northeast harbour drifting over the Royal Battery precipitated its abandonment. Wood, however, merely repeats an account that appeared in the February, 1864, issue of Harper's New Monthly Magazine, p. 358. The possible source of the misinterpretation of the sequence of events can be traced to "A poetical essay on the reduction of Cape Breton . . . 1745," appearing in the April 1746 issue of Gentlemen's Magazine, p. 214, n.(m). 26 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 416, Thierry to Duchambon, [11 May 1745]. 27 Ibid., fol. 277, "Duchambon au Ministre"; PAC, MG1, C11B, Vol. 27, fols. 41(v)-2, Verrier's Report, 22 August 1745; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745. 28 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 417-417(v); ibid., fols. 277-277(v), "Duchambon au Ministre"; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 216, fols. 6-6(v), "Rapport de Girard La Croix"; ibid., Ordre 218, Bigot, "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745. 29 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 418, Duchambon to Thierry, 11 May 1745; ibid., fols. 277(v), 281(v), "Duchambon au Ministre"; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 216, fol. 6(v), "Rapport de Girard La Croix." 30 Ibid., fols. 6(v)-7; George M. Wrong, op. cit., p. 40; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 277(v)-8, "Duchambon au Ministre." 31 George M. Wrong, op. cit., p. 39. 32 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 149; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 10, 84; Dudley Bradstreet, "Dudley Bradstre of Diary," Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, Series 2, Vol. 11 (June 1897), p. 425; Benjamin Cleaves, op. cit., p. 117; Samuel Curwen, Journals and Letters of the Late Samuel Curwen, ed. George Atkinson Ward (London: Wiley and Putnam, 1842), p. 12. 33 Roger Wolcott, op. cit., p. 150; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 10. 34 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 149; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 11. 35 William Shirley, "Instructions," p. 9; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 13; William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 150; Figs. 5 and 6. 36 See Figs. 5 and 6. 37 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 150. 38 Benjamin Cleaves, op. cit., p. 117; Francis Parkman wrote that "Those [regiments] on the east [of Flat Point Brook], in some cases, saw fit to extend themselves towards Louisbourg as far as the edge of the intervening marsh, but were soon forced back to a safer position by the cannon-balls of the fortress." (Francis Parkman, A Half-Century of Conflict, [Boston: Little, Brown, 1903], Vol. 2, p. 103.) 39 William Shirley, "Instructions," p. 9. 40 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 175. 41 See under "Camp" in Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary (London: T. Egerton, 1810), Vol. 1. 42 William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 13. 43 Contemporary written evidence does not indicate which regiments encamped at Flat Point during the siege. Contemporary maps, however, indicate that these five regiments were located there. (See plans 1745-5, 1757-12 [Fig. 6] and 1745-1 [Figs. 5, 7, and 8], Fortress of Louisbourg archives.) Written sources do indicate the locations of the remaining four regiments, and provide some basis for accepting this cartographic evidence until further documentation is found. 44 PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745. 45 PAC, MG1, C11C, Vol. 16, pp. 26ff., "Duchambon au Ministre", 23 September 1745; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 216, fol. 5(v)-6, "Rapport de Girard La Croix." 46 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 278, "Duchambon au Ministre"; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 216, fol. 7(v), "Rapport de Girard La Croix"; George M. Wrong, op. cit. pp. 50-1. 47 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 305-305(v), Duchambon to Marin, 16 May 1745; ibid., fols. 419-419(v); ibid., fols. 279-80, "Duchambon au Ministre." 48 PAC, MG12, Admiralty, Bundle 3817, Shirley to [?], 29 January 1745 (O.S.); Nathaniel Bouton, ed., Documents and Records Relating to the Province of New Hampshire from 1738 to 1749 (Nashua: Orren C. Moore, State Printer, 1871), Vol. 5, pp. 273-4; William Shirley, "Instructions," p. 7; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 174. 49 John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., Appendix, p. 363; MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 138, Vaughan to Pepperrell, 2 May 1745 (O.S.). 50 Daniel Giddings, "Journal Kept by Daniel Giddings . . . during the Expedition Against Cape Breton in 1744-45." Historical Collections of the Essex Institute, Vol. 48, No. 4 (October 1912), p. 298. 51 John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., Appendix, pp. 363, 366-7. 52 Ibid., p. 363; William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 150; see also Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 11-2, 69, 75. 53 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 278-278(v), "Duchambon au Ministre." 54 John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., Appendix, pp. 363, 367. 55 Ibid., p. 363; "The Siege of Louisbourg," Harper's Monthly Magazine, Vol. 28, No. 165 (February 1864), pp. 358-9; Tufts's obituary reprinted in the New-England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 25 (1871), p. 377 56 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 18; MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), pp. 139-40, Waldo to Pepperrell, 3 May 1745 (O.S.); PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 216, fol. 8, "Rapport de Girard La Croix." 57 Benjamin Cleaves, op. cit., p. 118; MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 138, Bradstreet to Pepperrell, 2 May 1745 (O.S.); Nova Scotia. Public Archives, Vol. 13, Dec. 3, Waldo to Shirley, 12 May 1745 (O.S.); William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 12; MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), pp. 153-4, Waldo to Pepperrell, 4 May 1745 (O.S.). 58 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 151; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 75; James Gibson, A Journal of the Siege by the Troops of North America Against the French of Cape Breton, the City of Louisbourg and the Territories thereunto belonging (London: printed for J. Newberry, 1745), pp. 11, 30; Nova Scotia. Public Archives, Vol. 13, Doc. 3, Waldo to Shirley, 12 May 1745 (O.S.); MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899). pp. 141-5, Waldo to Pepperrell, 3 May 1745 (O.S.). 59 Ibid., p. 128, Shirley to Pepperrell, 26 April 1745 (O.S.); Jonathan Law, "Papers of Jonathan Law," Connecticut Historical Society, Collections, Vol. 11 (1907), pp. 318-20, Committee of War to Jonathan Law, 2S June 1745 (O.S.). 60 MHSC, Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), pp. 15-6, Pepperrell to Shirley, 10 April 1745 (O.S.). Whether Pepperrell meant that the provisions sent were less than had been promised or were less than had been thought sufficient is not certain, due to the lack of relevant documentary material relating to the entire matter of provisioning the army; ibid., Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 128, Shirley to Pepperrell, 26 April 1745 (O.S.). 61 Ibid., pp. 141-5, Waldo to Pepperrell, 3 May 1745 (O.S.); Dudley Bradstreet, op. cit., pp. 427, 429, 432; Benjamin Cleaves, op. cit., p. 124. Cleaves is the only diarist found who attempted to record what the men were eating. He provides the following inventory: "an Account of what our men has Recd since we Came ashore the Last Day of april [11 May NS] 1745 in may: 3 Days of meat Due Recd in our Company 40 Pound of Rice one Peck 1/2 of Beens one Bushel of Peeas eight gallons molas[ses] eight gallons of molas[ses] June 1 [12 June NS]: 1745 Rec'd one Bushell of Peas 8 gallons of molases 49 Pound of Rice John grovers mes had no Rice willm Leech & Samll Harriss had it" An additional notation by Cleaves states: "May 1745 Recd of C[ommissary]: walldo Rum 3 gallons Recd of C. walldo 9 gallons June Recd of C. Prout 79 Pou[n]d of Rice 240 Pound of Bread one Bushel of Peas 8 gall of Molases for Captn Ives Company" 62 Ibid., p. 120. 63 I have found no written contemporary evidence stating exactly where the provisions were brought ashore, but William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 13, indicate that they were brought ashore near the encampment. The artillery also seems to have been landed at the same place. Assuming the encampment to have been in the Flat Point vicinity, the provisions and artillery probably were landed at Flat Point Cove; ibid., pp. 11-2. 64 Ibid., see also MHSC, Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), p. 27, Pepperrell to Shirley, 11 May 1745 (O.S.). 65 MaC 249, Louisbourg Restoration Project Archives; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745. 66 William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 15. 67 PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218; New-England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 23, p. 201; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., pp. 15-6. 68 Ibid., p. 14; see also William Douglass, A Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North America (London: n.p., 1755); Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 60. 69 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 278(v)-9, "Duchambon au Ministre"; William Douglass, op. cit., p. 353; William Pepperrell and other, op. cit., p. 14. 70 William Shirley, "Instructions," p. 10. 71 William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 14; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 278(v)-9, "Duchambon au Ministre"; William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 153. 72 MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), pp. 13-4. 73 Ibid., pp. 11-2; ibid., p. 141, Waldo to Pepperrell, 3 May 1745 (O.S.). 74 Ibid., Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 13. 75 MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 14; see also Roger Wolcott, op. cit., p. 137. 76 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 14; William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 152; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 216, fol. 8(v), "Rapport de Girard La Croix." 77 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 307-307(v); ibid., fol. 280(v), "Duchambon au Ministre"; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 14, 75-6; William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 152; Benjamin Cleaves, op. cit., p. 118. 78 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 14-5. 79 Ibid., pp. 15-6; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 14; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 75, and William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 152, each say 700 yards; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 15; Roger Wolcott, op. cit., p. 151. 80 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 70, 76; William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 153; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 281(v), "Duchambon au Ministre." 81 MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 16; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p.15. 82 MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 17.
1 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 56; William Shirley, "Instructions," p. 10. 2 James Gibson, op. cit., p. 13; Seth Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 23; PAC, MG11, PRO, CO5, Vol. 900, fols. 182-3, Waldo to Shirley, 12 May 1745 (O.S.), as found in John Humphreys, "Preliminary Historical Report, Royal Battery No. 2." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Louisbourg, 1964, p. 79. 3 James Gibson, op. cit., p. 13; PAC, MG11, PRO, CO5, Vol. 900, fols. 183-5, Pepperrell to Shirley, 12 May 1745 (O.S.), as found in John Humphreys, op. cit., p. 78; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 12. 4 James Gibson, op. cit., p. 11; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 13. 5 Samuel Curwen, op. cit., p. 13; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 23; William Pepperrell, op. cit., pp. 151-2. 6 MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 194, Waldo to Pepperrell, 20 May 1745 (O.S.); ibid., pp. 141-5, Waldo to Pepperrell, 3 May 1745 (O.S.); ibid., pp. 157-9, Waldo to Pepperrell, 8 May 1745 (O.S.); ibid., pp. 166-8, Waldo to Pepperrell, 13 May 1745 (O.S.); ibid., pp. 190-1, Waldo to Pepperrell, 20 May 1745 (O.S.). 7 For a more detailed discussion of these functions, see John Humphreys, op. cit. 8 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 280(v)-1, "Duchambon au Ministre"; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 14: PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot, "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745. 9 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 281, "Duchambon au Ministre"; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 16. 10 Ibid., pp. 14-5. See also Roger Wolcott, op. cit., p. 151. 11 William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., pp. 17-8; Benjamin Cleaves, op. cit., p. 118; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 18, 55-6, 71; MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899); p. 187, Pepperrell to Warren, 19 May 1745 (O.S.); William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 155; John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., Appendix, p. 363, "Memorial of William Vaughan." The testimonial of Captain Daniel Woaster, 28 October 1745 (O.S.), in ibid., p. 367, further states that Vaughan "was the Director of the advance Trenches & most indefatigable in Duty with common Soldiers almost Day & Night." 12 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 281 (v)-2, "Duchambon au Ministre"; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot, "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745. 13 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 282-282(v), "Duchambon au Ministre." 14 Ibid., fol. 282; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 56. 15 William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 18; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 19 and 56. 16 William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 18; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 286-286(v), 287, Duchambon au Ministre"; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 216, fol. 11(v), "Rapport de Girard La Croix"; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 58. 17 William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., pp. 18-9; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 57. 18 William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 19; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 79; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 287, "Duchambon au Ministre." 19 New Hampshire Historical Society, Collections, The Waldron Papers, W. Waldron to Richard Waldron, 21 May 1745 (O.S.). 20 William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 19; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 286(v); "Duchambon au Ministre." 21 Ibid., fol. 287(v); William Pepperrell, op. cit., pp. 156-7. 22 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 287(v), 289(v)-90, "Duchambon au Ministre"; William Pepperrel and others, op. cit., pp. 20-1; Roger Wolcott, op. cit., pp. 132-3. 23 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 289(v), "Duchambon au Ministre"; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 21. 24 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 161; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 78; William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Mich., Louisbourg Siege, 1745, Papers, W. Waldron to Richard Waldron, 6 June 1745 (O.S.); George M. Wrong, ed., op. cit., p. 57. 25 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 289, "Duchambon au Ministre"; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 20; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 71. 26 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 291, "Duchambon au Ministre." 27 PAC, MG1, C11B, Vol. 12, fols. 191, 193(v). 28 MHSC, Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), p. 52, Pepperrell to Shirley, 4 July 1745 (O.S.); ibid., p. 46, Pepperrell to Shirley, 18 June 1745 (O.S.); the habitant believed that "More than three thousand five hundred [shots] must have been fired against us" (George M. Wrong, ed., op. cit., p. 68); Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 120; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 291(v)-292(v), "Duchambon au Ministre"; Roger Wolcott, op. cit., pp. 152-3. 29 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 292(v), "Duchambon au Ministre"; George M. Wrong, op. cit., p. 67; William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Mich., Louisbourg Siege, 1745, Papers, W. Waldron to Richard Waldron, 6 June 1745 (O.S.); MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 199, Waldo to Pepperrell, 21 May 1745 (O.S.); Dudley Bradstreet, op. cit., p. 433; Roger Wolcott, op. cit., p. 132. 30 James Gibson, op. cit., p. 30. Bigot (PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218) reported that the following foodstuffs remained in storehouses at the end of the siege: 2,500 cwt. of flour, 200 cwt. of bread, 300 cwt. of bacon, 500 cwt. of vegetables, 300 barrels of molasses, 100 or more barrels of wine. These were possibly consigned goods left locked up to protect some merchant(s)'s interest, and therefore not meant to be used. 31 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 19, 196, Warren to Pepperrell, 20 May 1745 (O.S.); George M. Wrong, op. cit., p. 47; PAC, MG1, C11 B, Vol. 82, pp. 111, 131; William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 153; James Gibson, op. cit., pp. 14, 18; William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Mich., Louisbourg Siege, 1745, Papers, W. Waldron to Richard Waldron, 7 June 1745 (O.S.). In the night of 24 May the New Englanders caulked up a French schooner that had sunk in the harbour the previous year, filled it with combustibles, set them on fire, and sent the schooner across the water between the Island Battery and the town in an attempt to destroy the French snow. The schooner was sunk by French cannon fire before it reached the snow. (PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 282(v), "Duchambon au Ministre"; James Gibson, op. cit., pp. 14-5.) 32 George M. Wrong, op. cit., p. 46; John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., Appendix A, p. 177. 33 Ibid., pp. 156, 177-8. 34 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., Appendix II, pp. 196-7, Warren to Pepperrell, 20 May 1745. 35 George M. Wrong, op. cit., p. 48. 36 Ibid., p. 49. 37 Ibid., p. 48. 38 Ibid., p. 30; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot, "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745; Roger Wolcott, op. cit., p. 152. 39 MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 15; Benjamin Cleaves, op. cit., p. 118; William Pepperrell, op. cit., pp. 152-3; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 16, 75-6. 40 MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 159, Vaughan to Pepperrell, 11 May 1745 (O.S.); Samuel Curwen, op. cit., p. 13. 41 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 158; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 21; MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), pp. 213-6, Waldo to Pepperrell, 23 May 1745 (O.S.). 42 Ibid., pp. 212, 213-6; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 197-8, Warren to Pepperrell, 23 May 1745 (O.S.). 43 James Gibson, op. cit., p. 20; MHSC, Series 1, Vol. 8, p. 121, Waldo to Noble, 23 May 1745 (O.S.); ibid., Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), pp. 20-1, Council of War, 24 May 1745 (O.S.); Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 77. 44 Ibid., p. 21; James Gibson, op. cit., p. 20; Seth Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 27; MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), pp. 20-1. 45 Ibid., p. 21; William Shirley, Correspondence, Vol. 1, pp. 277-8, Shirley to Newcastle, 28 October 1745 (O.S.); William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 158; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 58; John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., p. 158; Seth Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 28. 46 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 288-288(v), "Duchambon au Ministre"; William Pepperrell, op. cit., pp. 158-9; Seth Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 28. 47 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 159; Seth Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 28; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 21-2. 48 Ibid., pp. 21-2, 77; William Pepperrell, op. cit., pp. 158-9. 49 Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 21; Joseph Emerson, "Diary of Rev. Joseph Emerson," Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, Vol. 44 (Oct. 1910), p. 79. 50 George M. Wrong, op. cit., p. 51; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 288, "Duchambon au Ministre." 51 William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 15; William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Mich., Louisbourg Siege, 1745, Papers, W. Waldron to Richard Waldron, 6 June 1745 (O.S.); William Shirley, Correspondence, Vol. 1, p. 223, Pepperrell to Shirley, 2 June 1745 (O.S.); MHSC, Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), p. 35, Pepperrell to Warren, 28 May 1745 (O.S.); MHSC, Law Papers, Vol. 11, pp. 295-6, Shirley to Jonathan Law, 18 May 1745 (O.S.); John Russell Bartlett ed., Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (Providence: A.C. Greene and brothers, 1856-65), Vol. 5: 1741-56, pp. 134-5, Shirley to Governor Warton, 18 May 1745 (O.S.). 52 John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., p. 158; MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 23. 53 Ibid., Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), pp. 34-5. 54 Ibid., p. 35, Pepperrell to Warren, 28 May 1745 (O.S.). See also John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., p. 160. 55 Ibid., p. 41. 56 James Gibson, op. cit., p. 26; William Shirley, Correspondence, Vol. 1, p. 278, Shirley to Newcastle, 28 October 1745 (O.S.); MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), pp. 223-6; ibid., Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), p. 34. 57 Ibid., p. 38; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., pp. 22-3; Roger Wolcott, op. cit., pp. 132, 152. 58 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 283(v), "Duchambon au Ministre"; William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 154; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot, "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745; ibid., Ordre 216, Vol. 13, "Rapport de Girard La Croix." 59 Ibid.; ibid., Ordre 218, Bigot, "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745; Seth Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 25; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 17; James Gibson, op. cit., p. 16; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 284(v)-5, "Duchambon au Ministre"; Dudley Bradstreet, op. cit., p. 430. 60 James Gibson, op. cit., p. 30; William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 23; William Shirley, Correspondence, Vol. 1, p. 278, Shirley to Newcastle, 28 October 1745 (O.S.); Roger Wolcott, op. cit., p. 153; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 289-289(v), "Duchambon au Ministre"; PAC, MG1, C11B, Vol. 27, fols. 41-3(v), Verrier's Report, 22 August 1745. 61 MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), pp. 255-80. 62 James Gibson, op. cit., pp. 32-3; William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 164; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., pp. 25-6, 60, 72, 78-9; Seth Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 35. 63 James Gibson, op. cit., pp. 31-4; PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 293, "Duchambon au Ministre"; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot, "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745; Dudley Bradstreet, op. cit., p. 433. 64 George M. Wrong, op. cit., pp. 58-9. 65 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 317-8, 321-2; ibid., fols. 293(v)-4, "Duchambon au Ministre." 66 MHSC, Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), p. 45, Duchambon to Pepperrell and Warren, 15 June 1745 (O.S.). 67 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fol. 294, "Duchambon au Ministre"; Louis Effingham de Forest, op. cit., p. 60; Roger Wolcott, op. cit., p. 139. 68 William Pepperrell, op. cit., p. 165; Roger Wolcott, op. cit., pp. 144-5; William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Mich., Louisbourg Siege, 1745, Papers; John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., pp. 163, 178-80. 69 Roger Wolcott, op. cit., pp. 144-5; William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Mich., Louisbourg Siege, 1745, Papers; John Stewart McLennan, op. cit., pp. 163, 178-80. 70 PAC, MG1, F3, Vol. 50, fols. 294(v)-5, "Duchambon au Ministre." 71 MHSC, Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), p. 45, Pepperrell to Duchambon, 17 June 1745 (O.S.); William Pepperrell and others, op. cit., p. 4. 72 James Gibson, op. cit., p. 36. 73 Dudley Bradstreet, op. cit., p. 435; James Gibson, op. cit., p. 36; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 216, fol. 22, "Rapport de Girard La Croix." 74 James Gibson, op. cit., p. 36; George M. Wrong, op. cit., p. 65; PAC, MG1, DFC, Ordre 218, Bigot, "Relation du Siège de Louisbourg," 1745. 75 MHSC, Series 6, Vol. 10 (1899), pp. 105-6; Cadwallader Colden, "Cadwallader Colden Papers," New York Historical Society, Collections, Vol. 3 (1743-47), pp. 108-9, James Alexander to Cadwallader Colden, 18 March 1744-45 (O.S.). 76 H. F. Thullier, The Principles of Land Defence and their Application to the Conditions of Today (London: Longmans, Green, 1902), pp. 43-4. 77 Canada. Public Archives, Report on Canadian Archives, 1886 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1887), pp. cli-cliii, Samuel Waldo to the Right Hon. William Pitt, 7 November 1757. 78 H.F. Thullier, op. cit., pp. 12-3.
1 William Shirley, Correspondence, Vol. 1, pp. 173-7.
1 MHSC, Series 1, Vol. 1 (1806), pp. 5-11.
1 William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Mich., Louisbourg Siege, 1745, Papers. The more obvious spelling errors and word abbreviations, as copied by W. Waldron, have been corrected.
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