Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 24

Second Empire Style in Canadian Architecture

by Christina Cameron and Janet Wright

Endnotes

Introduction

1 The earliest appearance of the term seems to be in Rosalie Thorne McKenna, "James Renwick, Jr. and the Second Empire Style in the United States," Magazine of Art, Vol. 44, No. 3 (March 1951), pp. 97-101. Other major works include Eric Arthur, Toronto No Mean City (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974), pp. 128, 171, 174; Banister Fletcher, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method (London: Athlone Press, University of London, 1961), pp. 1086, 1115; Alan Gowans, Building Canada: An Architectural History of Canadian Life (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 105, Figs. 164-65, 167; R. Greenhill, K. Macpherson and D. Richardson, Ontario Towns (Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1974), unpaginated; Ralph W. Hammett, Architecture in the United States: A Survey of Architectural Styles Since 1776 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1976), pp. 101-4; Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958), pp. 131-72; Jean-Claude Marsan, Montréal en évolution (Montreal: Fides, 1974), pp. 224-26; Marcus Whiffen, American Architecture Since 1780: A Guide to the Styles (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1969), pp. 102-8.

2 Canadian Illustrated News (Montreal), 5 March 1870, p. 282; 16 Nov. 1872, p. 316; 2 June 1877, p. 342; 2 Feb. 1878, p. 79.

3 Canada. General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Year Ending 30 June, 1873 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1874), pp. 40, 122-25, 128, 131; Canada. General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the year Ending 30 June, 1879 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1880), p. 15; Canada. General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Year Ending 30 June, 1881 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1882), p. 25; Canada. General Report of the Minister of Public Works from 30 June, 1867, to 1st July, 1882 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1883), pp. 148, 152-53, 173, 181, 194.

4 Samuel Sloan, Sloan's Homestead Architecture, Containing Forty Designs for Villas, Cottages, and Farmhouses, with Essays on Style, Construction, Landscape Gardening, Furniture, etc., etc. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, 1861), design XXXI; George Evertson Woodward, Woodward's National Architect (New York: Geo. E. Woodward, ca. 1869), Nos. 2, 17; Isaac H. Hobbs and Son, Hobbs's Architecture: Containing Designs and Ground Plans for Villas, Cottages and other Edifices, both Suburban and Rural (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1873), pp. 34, 38, 66; Elisha Charles Hussey, Home Building, A Reliable Book of Facts, relating to Building, Living, Materials, Costs (New York: Leader & Van Hoesen, ca. 1876), Figs. 17, 29.

5 Boston. Committee on Public Buildings, The City Hall, Boston (Boston: City Council, 1866), p. v.

6 John W. Kennion, The Architects' and Builders' Guide (New York: Fitzpatrick & Hunter, 1868), p. 57.

7 Ibid., p.49.

Montreal City Hall: A Classic Canadian Example

1 Apparently there was a structural difference between the mansard roof in France and its North American counterpart. Commenting on a recent fire in Boston, a "Frenchman" indignantly wrote to the New York Herald, "In your discussions on mansard roofs please take notice that American mansard roofs are not French mansard roofs. The mansard roof, so called in America, could not be built in any portion of France, as it is a fraud and a scandal. The mansard roof of France is always fireproof, being built in accordance with French law of, iron, brick and mortar. When American architects cease to foist upon credulous real estate owners their cheap frauds you may expect a cessation of the punishment Boston has just received during the past few days" (Quebec Gazette, 20 Nov. 1872), p. [2].

2 A. Leblond de Brumath, Guide de Montréal of de ses environs (Montreal: Granger Frères, 1897), p. 63.

Second Empire and Napoleon III of France

1 J.S. Ingram, The Centennial Exposition Described and Illustrated (Philadelphia: Hubbard Bros., ca. 1876), p. 40.

2 Geoffrey de Bellaigue, "Queen Victoria Buys French in 1855," The Antique Collector, Vol. 46, No. 4 (April 1975), pp. 37-41.

3 These wide boulevards also served a military purpose, for they permitted easy penetration of troops into the city centre in case of civil unrest.

4 Sanford E. Loring, Principles and Practices of Architecture (Chicago: Cobb, Pritchard and Co., 1869), p. 42.

5 Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958), p. 135.

England: Early Advocate of Second Empire

1 Henry-Russell Hitchcock, "Second Empire 'avant la lettre'," La Gazette des Beaux-Arts, Vol. 42 ([Aug.] 1953), pp. 118, 124-26.

2 Ibid., p. 125.

3 Boston, Committee on Public Buildings, loc. cit.

Second Empire and the United States

1 Boston, Committee on Public Buildings, op. cit., pp. iv-v.

2 Marcus Whiffen, op. cit., p. 103.

3 Lawrence Wodehouse, "Alfred B. Mullett and his French style Government Buildings," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 31, No.1 (March 1972), pp. 22-37. Hitchcock has claimed that Gilman, architect of the Boston City Hall, was the real source of these Second Empire designs, for Gilman also worked for the Treasury Department (Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries [Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958], p. 168).

4 Calvert Vaux, Villas and Cottages (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1857), p. 54.

5 Ibid., p. 90.

6 Henry Hudson Holly, Holly's Country Seats (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1863), p. 149.

7 George L. Hersey, "Godey's Choice," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Oct. 1959), p. 104.

8 Isaac Hobbs and Son, op. cit., n.p.

9 Pattern books with the highest concentration of Second Empire designs include Gilbert Bostwick Croff, Model Suburban Architecture Embodying Designs for Dwellings of Moderate Cost (New York: Roby & O'Neil [1870]) and Progressive American Architecture (New York: Orange Judd & Company [1875]); Marcus F. Cummings, Cummings' Architectural Details (New York: Orange Judd & Company, 1873); Marcus F. Cummings and Charles Crosby Miller, Modern American Architecture (Troy, N.Y.: The authors, 1868); Isaac Hobbs and Son, op. cit.; George E. Woodward, op. cit.

Canada; Stirrings of Second Empire

1 Canada. Public Archives (hereafter cited as PAC), RG 11 Vol. 841, exhibits 62-63, p. 7. This manuscript proposal by "Semper Paratus", code name for Fuller and Jones, accompanied their competition plans of 1859. The authors are grateful to Professor D.S. Richardson for bringing this proposal to their attention.

2 Ibid.

3 Canadian Illustrated News (Montreal), 19 Oct. 1872, p. 245.

Department of Public Works

1 Daily Telegraph (Saint John), 26 April 1881, pp. 1-2.

2 Ibid.

Commercial Building

1 The Dominion Guide (Montreal), 7 June 1873, p. 354.

Conclusions

1 Palliser, Palliser & Co., architects, Palliser's New Cottage Homes and Details (New York: Palliser, Palliser & Co. [ca. 1887]), n.p. [introduction].

2 Horrors in Architecture and So-called Works of Art in Bronze in the City of New York ... By an Admirer of Art Whose Name is of no Consequence to the Reader (New York: n.p., 1886), p. 4.

3 Eugene Clarence Gardner, The House that Jill Built, After Jack's Had Proved a Failure (New York: Fords, Howard & Hulbert, 1882), pp. 113-14.

Legend Sources

1 Luc d'Iberville-Moreau, Lost Montreal (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 107; Jean-Claude Marsan, Montréal en évolution (Montreal: Fides, 1974), pp. 204, 224-25.

2 Henry Bidou, Paris, trans. J. Lewis May (London: Johnathan Cape, 1939), p. 399; Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958), pp. 133-35; David H. Pinkney, Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1958), pp. 80-81.

3 Sanford E. Loring, Principles and Practices of Architecture (Chicago, Cleveland: Cobb, Pritchard and Company, 1869), pp. 42-45; David H. Pinkney, op. cit., pp. 91-92.

4 Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958), p. 159; Ibid., "Second Empire 'avant la lettre'," La Gazette des Beaux-Arts, Vol. 42 ([Aug.] 1953), p. 124.

5 Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958), p. 159.

6 Boston. Committee on Public Buildings, The City Hall, Boston (Boston: City Council. 1866); Ralph W. Hammett, Architecture in the United States: A Survey of Architectural Styles Since 1776 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1976), pp. 101-2; Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958), pp. 167-68.

7 Alan Gowans, Images of American Living; Four Centuries of Architecture and Furniture as Cultural Expression (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1964), p. 30; Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958), p. 169; Lawrence Wodehouse, "Alfred B. Mullett and his French Style Government Buildings," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 31, No. 1 (March 1972), pp. 22-37.

8 Calvert Vaux, Villas and Cottages (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1857), p. 54.

9 George L. Hersey, "Godey's Choice," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Oct. 1959), pp. 104-11; Isaac H. Hobbs and Son, Hobbs's Architecture: Containing Designs and Ground Plans for Villas, Cottages and other Edifices, both Suburban and Rural (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Company, 1873), pp. 13, 17, 21.

10 Eric Arthur, Toronto No Mean City (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974), pp. 114-16.

11, 12, 13 PAC, RG 11, Vol. 841, exhibits 62-63, p. 4; Courtney C.J. Bond, City on the Ottawa (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1961), pp. 122-25; Douglas Richardson, "The Spirit of the Place," Canadian Antiques Collector, Vol. 10, No. 5 (Sept.-Oct. 1975), pp. 27-29.

14 "Residence of the Lieut.-Governor of Ontario, Canada," Canadian Illustrated News (Montreal), 5 March 1870, p. 282; Toronto. Metropolitan Toronto Library Board, Canadiana and Manuscripts Section, File on Government House.

15 Canada. Department of Public Works, Annual Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1879 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1880), p. 15; "The Saint John Custom House," Daily Telegraph (Saint John), 26 April 1881, pp. [1-2].

16 Canada. Department of Public Works, General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1873 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1874), App. 18, p. 123; PAC, RG11, Vol. 3919, Specifications for addition to Custom House, London, p. 1; Association of Ontario Land Surveyors, "William Robinson," in Annual Report of the Association of Ontario Land Surveyors (Toronto: 1915), No. 30, pp. 51-52.

17, 18 Eric Arthur, op. cit., pp. 126-27; Canada. Department of Public Works, General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1873 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1874), App. 18, pp. 124-25; PAC, RG 11, Vol. 309, Subject 881, pp. 941-45, John Dewe to Department of Public Works, Toronto, 4 March 1870; PAC, RG 11, Vol. 314, subject 884, p. 266, F.P. Rubidge to T. Trudeau, Toronto, 24 Oct. 1870.

19 Courtney C.J. Bond, City on the Ottawa (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1961), p. 15; Canada. Department of Public Works, General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1873 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1874), App. 18, p. 122; PAC, RG 11, Vol. 291, subject 801, p. 82, T.S. Scott to F. Braum, Ottawa, 27 July 1871.

20 Canada. Department of Public Works, General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1873 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1874), App. 18, pp. 127-28; Jean-Claude Marsan, Montréal en évolution (Montreal: Fides, 1974), p. 225.

21 Canada. Department of Public Works, General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1873 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1874), App. 18, p. 125; C. Pelham Mulvany, Toronto: Past and Present (Toronto: W. E. Caiger, 1884), p. 51.

22 Canada. Department of Public Works, General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1874 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1875), App. 19, p. 129; PAC, RG 11, Vol. 364, subject 993, p. 674, Benjamin W. Pearse to F. Braum, Victoria, 11 March 1873.

23 Canada. Department of Public Works, General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1874 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1875), App. 19, p. 129; John Crosby Freeman, "The Other Victoria," Revue d'art canadienne/Canadian Art Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1974), p. 39; G. Edward Mills, "1002 Wharf Street, Custom House: Victoria: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1976.

24 Canada. Department of Public Works, General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1877 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1878), App. 16, p. 73; Alan Gowans, Building Canada: An Architectural History of Canadian Life (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 142; Richard Arthur Preston, Canada's RMC: A History of the Royal Military College (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), p. 60.

25 Canada. Department of Public Works, General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1876 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1877), App. 17, pp. 79-80.

26 Canada. Department of Public Works, Annual Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1878 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1879), App. 15, p. 77; General Report of the Minister of Public Works from 30 June 1867 to 30 June 1882 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1883), Vol. I, p. 169.

27 Canada. Department of Public Works, Annual Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1879 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1880), App. 3, p. 12.

28 Canada. Department of Public Works, Annual Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1881 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1882), pp. 25-26; "The Building Boom," Winnipeg Daily Sun, 20 Oct. 1883, p. 2.

29 A.J. H. Richardson, "Guide to the Architecturally and Historically most Significant Buildings in the Old City of Quebec," Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, Vol. 2, Nos. 3-4 (1970), pp. 56-57; Gérard Morisset, "Le Parlement de Québec," Habitat, Vol. 3, No. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1966), pp. 25-28; James M. Lemoine, Picturesque Quebec (Montreal: Dawson Brothers, 1882), pp. 255-57; Luc Noppen, "L'architecture des parlements de Québec," L'Action (Québec), 21 April 1973.

30 "The New Buildings," New Brunswick Reporter (Fredericton), 31 March 1880, p. [2]; C. Anne Hale, "The Legislative Building, 750 Queen Street, Fredericton: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974.

31 Irene Rogers, "Law Courts Building, Charlottetown: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974; J.H. Meacham & Co., Illustrated Historical Atlas of Prince Edward Island (1880; reprint ed., Belleville, Ont.: Mika Silk Screening Ltd., 1972). p. 27.

32 Vancouver Daily World, Illustrated Souvenir Publication (Vancouver: Vancouver Daily World, 1891), pp. 22-23; Randy R. Rostecki, "Law Courts Building, 391 Broadway, Winnipeg: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites and Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1976; Daily Telegraph (Saint John, N.B.), 2 Oct. 1878, p. 3; "The Old and The New: Provincial Court House and Jail," Winnipeg Daily Sun, 20 Jan. 1883, p. 8; "The Building Boom," Winnipeg Daily Sun, 20 Oct. 1883, p. 2.

33 City of Victoria Heritage Advisory Committee, City of Victoria (Victoria: 1974), p. 18; William Cochrane, ed., The Canadian Album: Men of Canada (Brantford, Ont.: Bradley, Carretson, 1891), p. 114; John Crosby Freeman, "The Other Victoria," Revue d'art canadienne/Canadian Art Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1974). pp. 38-39; G. Edward Mills and Janet Wright, "Victoria City Hall: Screening Paper," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1977.

34 C. Anne Hale, "City Market Building, 47 Charlotte Street, Saint John: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974; Staff Report, "City Market Building, Saint John: Screening Paper," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, 1970.

35 Lucien Brault, Ottawa Old and New (Ottawa: Historical Information Institute, 1946), p. 107; Ottawa. Municipal Archives, Minutes of Council for part of the years 1874, 1875, 1876 and 1877, pp. 185-86, 200.

36 Henry M. Hurd, ed., The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and Canada (New York: Arno Press, 1973), Vol. 4, pp. 211-15; "L'asile d'alienés de Falconwood L'Opinion publique (Montreal), 23 March 1873, p. 146; Prince Edward Island, House of Assembly, Journal of the House of Assembly, 1878 (Charlottetown: Queen's Printer, 1878), App. E. p. A.

37 Joseph R. Smallwood, ed., The Book of Newfoundland (St. John's: Newfoundland Book Publishers, 1967), Vol. 4, pp. 190-91; "Laying Foundation Stone of Athenaeum," Royal Gazette and Newfoundland Advertiser (St. John's), 9 Nov. 1875, p. [2].

38 G. Edward Mills, "Masonic Temple, Victoria: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1975.

39, 40 Christina Cameron, "950-964 Saint-Jean Street, Quebec: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1972; Québec. Archives civiles de Québec, greffe W. Bignell, Contract between John Hatch and the Y.M.C.A., Quebec, 21 Jan. 1979, No. 9653.

41 Nova Scotia. House of Assembly, Journals of the House of Assembly (Halifax: Queen's Printer, 1878), App. 1, p. 35; Ibid. (Halifax: Queen's Printer, 1879), App. 5, p. xx; Truro, Nova Scotia: The Hub of the Province (Grand Rapids, Mich.: James Bayne, n.d.), n.p.

42 A.J.H. Richardson, "Guide to the Architecturally and Historically most Significant Buildings in the Old City of Quebec," Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, Vol. 2, Nos. 3-4 (1970), pp. 64-65; Quebec. Archives du Séminaire de Québec, Journal du Séminaire, Vol. 2, 31 May 1875, 21 Oct. 1876.

43 Abbé A. Couillard-Després, Histoire de Sorel (Montreal: Imprimerie des sourds-muets, 1926), pp. 242-55.

44 Montreal. Archives du collège Notre-Dame, Journal du collège; Charles P. De Volpi and P.S. Winkworth, Montreal: Recueil iconographique/A Pictorial Record, Vol. 2 (Montreal: Dev-Sco Publications, 1963), p. 299.

45 Dom Benoit, Vie de Mgr Taché (Montreal: Librairie Beauchemin, 1904), Vol. 2, pp. 374-76, 497-98; Randy R. Rostecki, unpublished research notes on Saint Boniface College, Sept. 1977; "Reopening of Saint John's Church," Saint John Daily News (N. B.), 25 Nov. 1872, p. [3]; "The Bull's Eye: Great Growth of Winnipeg," Winnipeg Daily Sun, 30 Oct. 1883, p. 3; the authors wish to thank Lionel Dorge of the archbishopric of Saint Boniface, Manitoba, for his generous assistance in researching this building.

46 Calgary. Sacred Heart Convent, Annals of the Sisters, Faithful Companions of Jesus, 1893, the authors are grateful to Sister Gabriel Cummins, F.C.J. for relaying this information; Douglas Coats, "Calgary: The Private Schools, 1900-16," in Frontier Calgary, ed. A.W. Rasporich and H.C. Klassen (Calgary: University of Calgary, McClelland and Stewart West, 1975), p. 144.

47 Phyllis Lambert and Robert Lemire, Inventaire des bâtiments du vieux Montréal, du quartier Saint-Antoine of de la ville de Maisonneuve construits entre 1880 et 1915 (Québec: Ministère des Affaires culturelles, 1977), dossier 25, p. 25; A.J.H. Richardson, "Guide to the Architecturally and Historically most Significant Buildings in the Old City of Quebec," Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, Vol. 2, Nos. 3-4 (1970), pp. 76-77; J. Douglas Stewart, "Architecture for a Boom Town: The Primitive and the Neo-Baroque in George Browne's Kingston Buildings," in To Preserve and Defend: Essays on Kingston in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Gerald Tulchinsky (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1976), p. 37.

48 Anne Little, Department of Economic Research, Toronto Dominion Bank, Toronto, to Janet Wright, personal communication on the Dominion Bank, 13 Sept. 1977; Joseph Schull, 100 Years of Banking: A History of the Toronto Dominion Bank (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1958), p. 65.

49 Charles E. Goad, Insurance Atlas of the City of Ottawa (Toronto: Charles E. Goad, rev. ed. 1895), Pl. 35; Dominion Illustrated (Montreal), "A Word from Wellington Street," 21 July 1888, p. 35; id., "Special number devoted to Ottawa and the Parliament Buildings of Canada" (Montreal: Sabiston Litho. and Publishing Co., 1981), pp. 128-29.

50 Eastern Townships Bank, Charter and Annual Reports, 1859-1912 (Sherbrooke: 1912), pp. 128-29, 138, 149, 161, 456.

51 Ibid., pp. 138-39, 149, 161, 404; "Local and Other Items," Gazette (Sherbrooke), 9 April 1875, p. [3]; Victor Ross, The History of the Canadian Bank of Commerce (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1920), Vol. 1, p. 365.

52, 53 New Era (Clinton, Ont.), 24 Jan. 1878, n.p.; the authors are grateful to Mr. Gerald Fremlin of Clinton, Ontario, for his assistance in researching this building.

54 Charles E. Goad, Atlas of the City of Montreal (Toronto, Montreal: Charles E. Goad, 1881), Pl. III; Lovell's Montreal Directory (Montreal: John Lovell, 1873), p. 202.

55 "Barren Block," Canadian Illustrated News (Montreal), 27 Aug. 1870, p. 130; "Le Bloc Barron," L'Opinion publique (Montreal), 4 July 1872, pp. 316, 320.

56 Marie-Jeanne Daigneau, archivist, Sociètè d'histoire des Cantons de l'Est, Sherbrooke, Quebec, unpublished research on the Odell Block, Nov. 1977; "The Metropolis of the Eastern Townships," Dominion Illustrated (Montreal), 30 Aug. 1890, pp. 134, 149; PAC, National Map Collection, H2/340—Sherbrooke—1881, Bird's eye view of Sherbrooke, P.Q., 1881.

57 John Lutman and John Picur, unpublished research notes on 233-237 Dundas Street compiled for the Local Advisory Committee on Architectural Conservation, London, Ontario, 1977.

58 Dundas Historical Society Museum, unpublished research notes on 5-7 Main Street, Dundas, Ontario, Oct. 1977; Page and Smith, Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Wentworth, Ontario (reprint of 1875 ed., Dundas, Ontario: Dundas Valley School of Art, 1971), pp. xviii, xxxvi, 59.

59 Randy R. Rostecki, "The Rise and Demise of Winnipeg's Central Business District," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1976, pp. 3-4, 8; W.D. Steen and E.E. Boyce, Winnipeg, Manitoba and her Industries (Winnipeg: Steen and Boyce, 1882), pp. 31-32.

60 Lady Dufferin, My Canadian Journal 1872-1878, ed. Gladys Chantler Walker (Don Mills, Ontario: Longmans Canada, 1969), p. 283; Gazette (Montreal), 29 Jan. 1878, p. 2; Edwin C. Guillet, Pioneer Inns and Taverns (Toronto: Ontario Publishing, 1956), Vol. 2, pp. 109-12; "Opening of New Windsor Hotel," Daily Witness (Montreal), 28 Jan. 1878, p. 8; "Vice-Regal Visit to Montreal," Canadian Illustrated News (Montreal), 23 Feb. 1878, pp. 119, 121; "The Windsor Hotel," "The Vice-Regal Visit," Daily Witness (Montreal), 15 Feb. 1878, p. 4; Henry F. Withey and Elsie R. Withey, Biographical Dictionary of American Architects (Deceased) (Los Angeles New Age Publishing Company, 1956), p. 71.

61 David Flemming, A History of the Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake (1791-1970), Manuscript Report Series No. 25 (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1971), p. 75; Niagara County Historical Museum, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, unpublished research on the Prince of Wales Hotel, Sept. 1977; Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada (Niagara-on-the-Lake: Town Council of Niagara-on-the-Lake, n.d.), p. 27.

62 Harold Kalman, Exploring Vancouver (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1974), pp. 153, 156; Donald Kerr, "Vancouver — A Study in Human Geography," MA thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, 1943, p. 43; Warren Sommer, "Yale Hotel, Vancouver: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1975.

63 "The New Intercolonial Railway Depot," Daily Acadian Recorder (Halifax), 28 July 1877, p. [1]; Canada. Department of Public Works, General Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June 1878 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1878), App. 21, pp. 167-68; PAC, RG 12, Vol. 1913, File No. 3316-5, Specifications for a Passenger Terminal, Halifax N.S., 23 Oct. 1874; W. H. Howard, Halifax of Today: An Illustrated Souvenir of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, 1837-97 (Halifax: W.H. Howard, 1897), p. 23; Mathilde Brosseau and David McConnell, "The Stations of the Intercolonial Railway, 1867-1914: Screening Paper," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada. Ottawa, 1974, pp. 5, 13-115.

64 Gordon R. Couling, unpublished research notes on William Bell Organ Factory, Guelph, Ontario, May 1977; Historical Atlas Publishing Company, Historical Atlas of Wellington County (1906; reprint ed., Wellington County: Corporation of the County of Wellington, 1972), p. 14.

65 Christina Cameron, "47 Dalhousie Street, Quebec: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1972.

66 Gilbert Bostwick Croft, Model Suburban Architecture, Embodying Designs for Dwellings of Moderate Cost (New York: Roby & O'Neil [1870]); Progressive American Architecture (New York: Orange Judd & Company [1875]); C. Anne Hale, "Report on D.E. Dunham," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974, p. 10.

67 James Dickhout, unpublished research notes on 405 Broad Street West, Dunnville, Ontario, Nov. 1977; Ontario Gazetteer and Business Directory (Toronto: R.L. Polk, 1888-89), p. 324.

68 Madoc Review, Way Back When (Madoc: Pigden and McKinnon, 1976), pp. 72-73; the authors are grateful to Mr. Martin Lewis and the Hastings County Museum in Belleville for their assistance in researching this building.

69 City Directory of Toronto (Toronto: Might Directories, 1889-1976), title varies; William Davies, Letters of William Davies, 1854-61, ed. William Sherwood Fox (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1945), pp. 3, 133,140; Charles E. Goad, Atlas of the City of Toronto (Montreal: Charles E. Goad, 1884), Pl. 31; Toronto. Toronto Historical Board, File on 3 Meredith Crescent, Toronto.

70 John Lutman, "534 Queens Avenue, London: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1977.

71 Mr. and Mrs. N.H. Mika, "Phillips-Faulkner House, Belleville: Screening Paper," 1969; John Witham, "Research notes on Thomas Hanley: CIHB," 1973, manuscripts on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa.

72 Lois Foster, unpublished research notes on 201 Charles Street, Belleville, compiled for the Hastings County Historical Society, Belleville, July 1977.

73 Ottawa Directory and Dominion Guide (Ottawa: A.S. Woodburn, 1875), p. 70.

74 "Goldie Home Sold: Fine Residence Changes Hands," Mercury (Guelph, Ont.), June 1952, n.p.; "110-Year-Old Guelph Home," Mercury (Guelph, Ont.), 20 March 1976, n.p.; the authors would like to thank Gordon R. Couling of Guelph, Ontario for his kind assistance in researching this building.

77 PAC, National Map Collection, H3/440—Brantford—[1875], Bird's eye view of Brantford, Ontario, drawn by H. Brosius, Chas. Schoder, Prop's Chicago Lith., 1875.

78 Martha Ann Kidd, unpublished research notes on 332-344 Rubidge Street, Peterborough, Ontario, Sept. 1977; Randy R. Rostecki, unpublished research notes on terrace block on Edmonton Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Sept. 1977

79 Toronto City Directory (Toronto: R.L. Polk Directories, 1887-88).

80 Ibid.

82 Allison Earle, "Quinniapiac, 25 Winter Avenue, Saint John's: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974.

83 Allison Earle, "49 Rennies Mill Road, Saint John's, Newfoundland: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974; "A $20,000 Residence: Mr. Marshall's Magnificent Cottage," Evening Telegram (Saint John's, Nfld), 23 March 1885, p. 2.

84 C. Anne Hale, "Report on D.E. Dunham," p. 10; "99 Wentworth Street, Saint John: CIHB Report," manuscripts on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974; "A Handsome French Cottage," Daily Telegraph (Saint John, N.B.), 14 Nov. 1877, p. [3].

85 C. Anne Hale, "354 Main Street, Saint John: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974; David Russell Jack, "Book Plates," Acadiensis, Vol. 1, No. 2 (April 1901), pp. 96-97, St. John, N.B.

86 J.H. Meacham & Co., Illustrrated Historical Atlas of Prince Edward Island (1880; reprint ed., Belleville, Ont.: Mika Silk Screening Ltd., 1972), pp. 157-58.

87 Phyliss R. Blakeley, Glimpses of Halifax (Halifax: Public Archives of Nova Scotia, 1949), p. 99; McAlpine's Halifax City Directory (Halifax: McAlpine's Directories, 1887-88, 1895-96).

88 Russel H. Conwell, History of the Great Fire of St. John, June 20 and 21, 1877 (Boston: B.B. Russell, 1877), p. 207; PAC, National Map Collection, H3/240—St. John—[1882], Bird's eye view of St. John, New Brunswick, O.H. Bailey, 1882.

89 C. Anne Hale, "767 Brunswick Street, Fredericton: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974.

92 Examiner (Charlottetown), 2 June 1877, n.p.; Irene Rogers, Birchwood, 35 Longworth Avenue, Charlottetown: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974.

93 Mirror (Digby, N.S.), 13 July 1977, p.2.

96 Newfoundland Historic Trust, A Gift of Heritage: Historic Architecture of St. John's (St. John's: Newfoundland Historic Trust Publications, 1975), Vol. 1, p. 23; Shane O'Dea, The Domestic Architecture of Old St. John's (St. John's: Newfoundland Historical Society, 1974), Pamphlet No. 2, pp. [16-19].

98 Truro, Nova Scotia: The Hub of the Province (Grand Rapids, Michigan: James Bayne, 18-), p. 19.

99 Montreal. Archives nationales du Québec, greffe C. Cushing, building contract between Robert Brown and Charles Lamontagne, 3 Feb. 1874, building contract between Robert Brown and Edward Maxwell, 3 Feb. 1874, building contract between Duncan McIntyre and Edward Maxwell, 3 Feb. 1874; "Shaughnessy House, 1923 Dorchester Street West, Montreal: Screening Paper," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1973.

100 André Giroux, "3532-3538 Sainte-Famille Street, Montreal: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1972; Charles E. Goad, Atlas of the City of Montreal (Montreal: Charles E. Goad, 1881), Pl. VIII; Lovell's Montreal Directory (Montreal: John Lovell, 1872-78).

101 E.C. Woodley, The House of Joseph in the Life of Quebec (Quebec: n.p., 1946), pp. 54, 56, 68,74; Quebec. Archives civiles, greffe P. Huot, marché between Abraham Joseph and William McDonald, 9 June 1882, No. 8694, marché between Abraham Joseph and John O'Leary, 10 June 1882, No. 8697, marché between Abraham Joseph and Joseph Garneau, 10 June 1882, No, 8698, marché between Abraham Joseph and Zepherin Vaudry, 10 June 1882, No. 8699; Quebec City Directory (Quebec, 1882-1930), title and publisher vary.

102 Charles E. Goad, Atlas of the City of Montreal (Montreal: Charles E. Goad, 1881), Pl. XXX; Lovell's Montreal Directory (Montreal: John Lovell, 1874-82).

103 Quebec City Directory (Quebec, 1889-1918), Publisher varies.

105 The authors are grateful to Maître Jean Perchat, notaire, Sainte Marie-de-Beauce, for his kind assistance in researching this dwelling.

109 Iris Moffat, matron of the Nesbitt Anglican Residence, Cowansville, unpublished research, Nov. 1977.

110 Simon Fortin, geneological historian, Saint-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec.

111 "The Building Boom," Manitoba Free Press (Winnipeg), 12 April 1881, p. 1; Randy R. Rostecki, unpublished research notes on 168 Rutherford Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Aug. 1977.

112 Ivan Saunders, "395-409 Alexander Avenue, Winnipeg: CIHB Report," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974; "The Building Boom," Winnipeg Daily Sun, 20 Oct. 1883, p.3.

113 Henderson's Directory of the City of Winnipeg (Winnipeg: James Henderson, 1880-1912); R. Mitchell and T. K. Thorlakson, "James Kerr, 1848-1911, and Henry Hyland Kerr, 1881-1963; Pioneer Canadian-American Surgeons," Canadian Journal of Surgery, Vol. 9 (July 1966), pp. 213-20; Randy R. Rostecki, unpublished research notes on W.H. Lyon house, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Aug. 1977; "The Building Boom," Manitoba Free Press (Winnipeg), 12 April 1881, p. 1; "City and Country," Manitoba Free Press (Winnipeg), 27 Feb. 1890, p. 8; "City and Country," Manitoba Free Press (Winnipeg), 9 April 1890, p. 8.

114 Charles E. Goad, Atlas of Brandon, Manitoba (Montreal, Toronto: Charles E. Goad, rev. ed. 1913), Pl. 9; the authors are grateful to Donna Dul, Historic Resources Branch, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Cultural Affairs, Province of Manitoba, and Ed Young, Provincial Municipal Assessment Branch, Department of Municipal Affairs, Province of Manitoba for their help in researching this building.

115 Henderson's North-Western Ontario, Manitoba and Northwest Directory and Gazetteer (Winnipeg: James Henderson, 1888), pp. 403-4; the authors are grateful to Ella F. Chase, Emerson, Manitoba, and Marvis Sigurdson, Secretary-Treasurer, Town of Emerson, for their kind assistance in researching this terrace.

116 Charles E. Goad, Insurance Plan of Edmonton, Alberta (Toronto: Charles E. Goad, rev. ed. 1914), Vol. 1, sheet 10; Henderson's Edmonton Directory (Edmonton: Henderson Directories Alberta, 1910-75).

117 Personal communication from Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Glenn, Indian Head, Saskatchewan, Dec. 1977.

118 Terry Reksten, unpublished research notes on 1124 Fort Street, Victoria, Aug. 1977.

119 Terry Reksten, unpublished research notes on 507 Head Street, Esquimalt, Aug. 1977.