Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 25

Gothic Revival in Canadian Architecture

by Mathilde Brosseau

Endnotes

The Romantic Gothic Revival

1 J.F. Smith, "Drawings from the Archives in Ottawa," Journal of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, Vol. 15, No. 6 (June 1938), p. 82.

2 John Harris, Georgian Country Houses (London: Country Life Coll., Royal Institute of British Architects, 1968), p. 45.

3 Charles Eastlake, History of the Gothic Revival (New York: Humanities Press, repub., 1970), pp. 187-88.

4 Franklin Toker, The Church of Notre Dame in Montreal: an Architectural History (Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1970), p. 79.

5 Alan Gowans, Church Architecture in New France (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1955), pp. 85-86.

6 Marcus Whiffen, Stuart and Georgian Churches: the Architecture of the Church of England outside London (London: Batsford, 1947), pp. 83-84.

7 Marion MacRae and Anthony Adamson, Hallowed Walls (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1975), pp. 107-8.

8 Alan Gowans, Building Canada: an Architectural History of Canadian Life (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 112.

9 Evelyn Ward, The Story of Stone Church (St. John N.B.: Corporation of St. John's Church, 1975), p. 3.

10 Robert Hubbard, "Canadian Gothic," Architectural Review, Vol. 116, No. 9 (Aug. 1954), p. 104.

11 Elsie MacKay, "St. Andrews-on-the-Red," Canadian Antiques Collector, Vol. 6, No. 8 (Nov.-Dec. 1971), pp. 49-52.

12 Harold Kalman and John de Visser, Pioneer Churches of North America (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976), p. 167.

13 R. Greenhill, K. MacPherson and D. Richardson, Ontario Towns (Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1974), "Houses," n.p.

14 "Farm Architecture," Canada Farmer, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Feb. 1864), pp. 20-21: "Rural Architecture," Canada Farmer, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Jan. 1873), p. 7.

15 A.J.H. Richardson, "Guide to the Architecturally and Historically most Significant Buildings in the Old City of Quebec," Association for Preservation Technology Bulletin, Vol. 2, Nos. 3-4 (1970), p. 38.

16 Peter Stokes, "Middlesex County Court House, London." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1963, pp. 1-6.

17 R. Greenhill, K. MacPherson and D. Richardson, op. cit., "Public buildings and schools," n.p.

The Rationalist and Ecclesiological Gothic Revival

1 Phoebe Stanton, The Gothic Revival and American Church Architecture: an Episode in Taste, 1840-1856 (Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1968), pp. 127-58.

2 G.W.O. Addleshaw and Frederick Etchells, The Architectural Setting of Anglican Worship (London: Faber and Faber, 1948), pp. 75-79.

3 For a study of the aesthetic and moral basis of this phase of the Gothic Revival, see: Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, An Apology for the Revival of Christian Architecture in England (London: John Weale, 1843); id., The Present State of Ecclesiastical Architecture in England (London: John Weale, 1843); id., Contrasts; or a Parallel between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day; Showing the Present Decay of Taste (New York: Humanities Press, repub. 1969); id., The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853).

4 See: James F. White, The Cambridge Movement: The Ecclesiologists and the Gothic Revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962).

5 "Colonial Church Architecture," The Ecclesiologist, Vol. 5, No. 30 (June 1848), pp. 361-63.

6 Phoebe Stanton, op. cit., p. 94.

7 Douglas Richardson, "The Spirit of the Place," Canadian Antiques Collector, Vol. 10, No. 5 (Sept-Oct. 1975), p. 22.

8 Phoebe Stanton, op. cit., pp. 90-100.

9 The Canadian Inventory of Historic Building has only catalogued two showing the influence of the Cambridge Camden Society: the chapels of St. John the Baptist in Chamcook, N.B. (1846) and St. John the Evangelist in Nashwaaksis, N.B. (1854).

10 "Colonial Church Architecture," The Ecclesiologist, Vol. 5, No. 30 (June 1848), p. 362; William Scott, "On Wooden Churches," The Ecclesiologist, Vol. 6, No. 31 (Aug. 1848), p. 22.

11 Andrew J. Downing, The Architecture of Country Houses (New York: Da Capo Press, rev. ed., 1968), p. 51.

12 Douglas Richardson, "Hypemborean Gothic: or Wilderness Ecclesiology and the Wood Churches of Edward Medley," Architectura, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Jan. 1972), pp. 48-72.

13 William Scott, op. cit., pp. 14-23.

14 Phoebe Stanton, op. cit., p. 155.

15 Rodrigue Bédard and Nicole Cloutier, L'église Saint-Patrice, Montréal, semestrial project, Univ. de Montreal, 1971: quote: Montreal. Archives du vieux séminaire, Church of St. Patrick, Drawer 98, Joseph Vincent Quiblier to Augustus Northmore Pugin, May 28, 1842.

16 "The Montreal Cathedral," The Ecclesiologist, new ser. 88, No. 22 (Dec. 1857), pp. 357-59.

17 "Ecclesiastical Architecture, Village Churches," The Anglo-American Magazine, Vol. 4 (June-July 1854), p. 22.

18 D.C. Masters, The Rise of Toronto (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1947), p. 12.

19 Eric Arthur, Toronto No Mean City (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964), p. 179.

20 Phoebe Stanton, op. cit., p. 242.

21 Ruth Metheson Buck, "Stanley Mission," Canadian Antiques Collector, Vol. 8, No. 4 (July-Aug. 1973), pp. 25-26.

22 Philip Carrington, The Anglican Church in Canada (Toronto: Collins, 1963), p. 174.

23 Barry V. Downs, "The Royal Engineers in British Columbia," Canadian Collector, Vol. 11, No. 3 (May-June 1976), pp. 42-46.

24 F.A. Peake, The Anglican Church in British Columbia (Vancouver: Mitchell Press, 1959), p. 65.

25 George Street, "On the Revival of the Ancient Style of Domestic Architecture," The Ecclesiologist (Aug. 1853), pp. 247-53.

26 Eric Arthur, op. cit., p. 86.

27 Marion Mac Rae, The Ancestral Roof; Domestic Architecture of Upper Canada (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1963), p. 175.

28 R. Greenhill, K. MacPherson and D. Richardson, op. cit., figures in text, n.p.

29 Suzanne Bernier-Héroux, "Dossier sur le manoir Rouville-Campbell." Manuscript on file, Ministère des Affaires culturelles, Direction générale du patrimoine, Reconnaissance et classement, Quebec 1977.

30 D.C. Masters, Protestant Church Colleges in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966), p. 12.

31 Eric Arthur, op. cit., pp. 122-26.

32 D.C. Masters, Bishop's University, the First Hundred Years (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1950), p. 15.

33 F.A. Peake, op. cit., p. 75.

High Victorian Gothic

1 To obtain a detailed contemporary report and a very detailed description of the project, see: Canada. Parliament. Parliamentary papers, Session of 1867-68, Vol. 5, No, 1, pp. 201-47.

2 Appendix to the Fuller and Stent plans for the Ottawa Parliament Buildings. See: Canada. Public Archives, RG11, Vol. 841, Department of Public Works, see "Semper Paratus," exhibits 62-63.

3 "Canada National Buildings," Construction, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Nov. 1908), pp. 37-47.

4 Stefan Muthesius, The High Victorian Movement in Architecture, 1850-1870 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972), pp.59-61.

5 To procure a summary of Ruskin's approach to the Gothic Revival, see: Chapter 5 "The Nature of Gothic," in John Ruskin, The Stones of Venice (London: Allen Sunnyside Orpington, 1898), Vol. 1.

6 Claude T. Bissell, ed., University College, A Portrait 1853-1953 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1953), pp. 22-34.

7 G. Bastien, D.D. Dubé and C. Southam, "Inventaire des marchés de construction des archives civiles de Quebéec 1800-1870," History and Archaeology/Histoire et archéologie, No. 1, Vol. a (1975), p. 102.

8 R. Greenhill, K. MacPherson and D. Richardson, op. cit., "Houses," n.p.

9 "Suburban Villa or Farm House," Canada Farmer, Vol. 1, No. 9 (May 16, 1864), p. 132.

10 Marion MacRae, Anthony Adamson, op. cit., p. 122.

11 R. Greenhill, K. MacPherson and D. Richardson, op. cit., "Houses," n.p.

12 "Montreal: St-Martin's, Upper St. Urbain Street," Canadian Illustrated News, Vol. 12, No. 11 (Jan. 8, 1876), p. 232.

13 Leone Mosher Ross, "Houses of Worship," Canadian Antiques Collector, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Jan-Feb. 1973), p. 36.

The Gothic Revival in the Beaux-Arts Manner

1 William Jordy, American Buildings and Their Architects: Progressive and Academic Ideals at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co. 1972), pp. 179-81.

2 Montgomery Schuyler, "The Works of Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson, a Record of the Firm's most Representative Structures 1892-1910," Architectural Record, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Jan. 1911), pp. 1-101.

3 Ralph Adams Cram, My Life in Architecture (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1936), pp. 34-35.

4 Charles, D. Maginnis, The Work of Cram and Ferguson Architects, Including Work by Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson (New York: Pencil Point Press, 1929).

5 Montgomery Schuyler, op. cit., p. 37.

6 "Cathedral of St. Alban-the-Martyr, Toronto, Architects: Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson," Construction, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Jan. 1912), pp. 50-58.

7 John Lyle, "Notes on Henry Sproatt," Journal of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, Vol. 2, No. 4 (July-Aug., 1925), p. 127.

8 "Library for Victoria College, Toronto," Construction, Vol. 1, No. 6 (April 1908), p. 65.

9 Ian Montagnes, An Uncommon Fellowship: the Story of Hart House (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), p. 18.

10 "Knox College, University of Toronto, Architects: Chapman and McGiffen," Construction, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Feb. 1911), pp. 48-72.

11 "New Building at Queen's University, Architects: Shepard and Calvin," Construction, Vol. 13, No. 12 (Dec. 1920), p. 363.

12 "New Buildings of the University of Western Ontario, Architect: John Moore and Co.," Construction, Vol. 17, No. 11 (Nov. 1924), p.331.

13 David Brown, "The University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon," Journal of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, Vol. 1, No. 5 (Oct.-Dec. 1924), p. 109.

14 "Government Normal School, Regina, Architects: Storey and Van Egmond," Construction, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Jan. 1915), p. 14.

15 "Institute of Technology and Art, Calgary, Architect: Richard P. Blackley, Provincial Architect," Construction, Vol. 15, No. 11 (Nov. 1922), p. 337

16 "Manitoba School for the Deaf, Winnipeg, Architect: J.D. Atchison," Construction, Vol. 16, No. 6 (June 1923), p.191.

17 C.H. Boyles, "New University Buildings, Province of British Columbia," Construction, Vol. 6, No. 4 (April 1913), pp. 105-9.

18 W.D. Cromarty, "Ottawa and the Parliament Buildings," Construction, Vol. 17, No. 5 (May 1924), pp. 141-50.

19 "Residential Structure in 'Tudor' Design," Construction, Vol. 2, No. 9 (Sept. 1909), p. 51.

20 Sir Banister Fletcher, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, 14th ed. (London: B.T. Batsford, 1948), p. 414.

21 Harold Kalman and John Roaf, Exploring Vancouver (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1974), p. 150.

Legend Sources

1 J.F. Smith, "Drawings from the Archives in Ottawa," Journal of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, Vol. 15, No. 6 (June 1938), p. 82.

2 Ibid.

3 Quebec. Archives du Séminaire de Québec, Father Jerome Demers to the Church of Notre Dame Vestry, Montreal, April 22, 1824.

4 Franklin Token, The Church of Notre Dame in Montreal: an Architectural History (Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1970), p. 79: G. Bastien, D.D. Dubé and C. Southham, op. cit., pp. 172-73.

S Marcus Whiffen, Stuart and Georgian Churches: the Architecture of the Church of England Outside London (London: Batsford, 1947), pp. 83-84.

6 A.J.H. Richardson, op. cit., pp. 48, S4: G. Bastien, D.D. Dubé and C. Southam, "Inventaire des marchés de construction des archives civiles de Québec, 1800-1870," History and Archaeology/Histoire et archéologie, 1A (1975), p. 151.

7 Gaétan Chouinard, L'église de Saint-Sulpice et son trésor," inventory file, Inventaire des biens culturels, Ministère des Affaires culturelles, Quebec, 1977.

8 C. Anne Hale, "85 Carleton Street, St. John, N.B." CIHB Report, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1973.

9 Bayhead, N.S., Bayhead United Church Archives, May 1977, pers. com.

10 Rothesay, N.B., St. Paul's Church Archives, Rev. Charles Mulgrave, 1977, pers. com.

11 Robert Hubbard, "Canadian Gothic," Architectural Review, Vol. 116, No. 8 (Aug. 1954), pp. 102-8.

12 Guide to St. Andrews by the Sea, New Brunswick (St. Andrews, 1971).

15 Ontario, Historic Monuments Board. Commemorative plaque.

16 Elsie MacKay, "St. Andrews-on-the-Red," Canadian Antiques Collector, Vol. 6, No. 8 (Nov.-Dec. 1971), pp. 49-52.

17 St. Clement's, Man,, St. Clement's Anglican Church Archives, Rev. Daviel Ash, 1977, pers. com.

19 Harold Kalman and John de Visser, Pioneer Churches of North America (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976), p. 167.

21 Heritage Trust of Nova Scotia, Seasoned Timbers: A Sampling of Historic Buildings Unique to Western Nova Scotia, Vol. 1 (Halifax, n.p., 1972), p. 27.

24 "Farm Architecture," Canada Farmer, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Feb. 1864), p. 21.

25 St. John, N.B., Museum Archives, Peters' Family Papers, Quinton Family Papers, and Ward History: St. John's: 1783-1843, pp. 171-80.

26 Roch Dandenault, Histoire de Coaticook (Sherbrooke: Editions Pauline, 1976), p. 77.

27 A.J.H. Richardson, op. cit., p. 38.

28 Peter Stokes, "Middlesex County Court House, London, Ontario." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa 1963, pp. 1-6.

29 Loc. cit.

30 Phoebe Stanton, The Gothic Revival and American Church Architecture: an Episode in Taste, 1840-1856 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968), pp. 127-48.

31 Douglas Richardson, "The Spirit of the Place," Canadian Antiques Collector, Vol. 10, No. S (Sept-Oct. 1975), p. 22.

32 Phoebe Stanton, op. cit., p. 94.

33 Frank Wills, Ancient English Ecclesiastical Architecture and its Principles Applied to the Wants of the Church of the Present Day (New York: Stanford and Swords, 1850), p. 37.

34 Douglas Richardson, "Letter to the Editor," The Journal of Canadian Art History, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Autumn 1974), pp. 40-46.

36 Douglas Richardson, "Hyperborean Gothic: or Wilderness Ecclesiology and the Wood Churches of Edward Medley," Architectura, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Jan. 1972), pp. 48-72.

37 Loc. cit.

38 Robert Liscombe, The Story of Old St. Patrick's (Montreal: n.p., 1967), p. 6.

39 Franklin Morriss, "Christ Church Cathedral, Montreal," Dalhousie Review, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Summer 1955), pp. 76-78.

40 Philip Carrington, The Anglican Church in Canada (Toronto: Collins, 1963), p. 127.

41 London, Ont. St. John the Evangelist Church Archives, April 1977, pers. com.

42 Mary Byers et al., Rural Roots: Pre-Confederation Buildings of the York Region of Ontario (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976), p. 170.

44 Eric Arthur, op. cit., p. 82.

45 Phoebe Stanton, op. cit., p. 241.

46 Marion MacRae and Anthony Adamson, op. cit., pp. 145-49.

47 Shirley Morris, "The Nine-Year Odyssey of a High Victorian Goth: Three Churches by Fred Cumberland," Journal of Canadian Art History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Summer, 1975), pp. 42-53.

48 Ruth Matheson Buck, "Stanley Mission," Canadian Antiques Collector, Vol. 8, No. 4 (July-Aug. 1973), pp. 25-26.

50 Barry V. Downs, "The Royal Engineers in British Columbia," Canadian Collector, Vol. 11, No. 3 (May-June 1976), pp. 42-46.

51 H.H. Gowen, Church Work in British Columbia (London: Batsford, 1899), p. 14.

53 Marion Mac Rae, The Ancestral Roof; Domestic Architecture of Upper Canada (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1963), p. 170.

54 John H. Lutman, "Grosvenor Lodge, 1017 Western Rd., London, Ontario." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1976-77.

56 Andrew Downing, The Architecture of Country Houses (New York: Da Capo Press, rev. ed., 1968), p. 295.

S7 Ibid., p.301.

58 Loc. cit.

59 Suzanne Bernier-Héroux, op. cit.

60 John G. Howard, Incidents in the Life of John G. Howard (Toronto: Copp, Clark and Company, 1885), p.261.

62 John Thompson, "The European North American Railway." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1973, p. 1.

6S Eric Arthur, op. cit., pp. 122-24: "Trinity College, Toronto," Canadian Illustrated News, Vol. 3, No. 2S (June 24, 1871), p. 388.

66 D.C. Masters, Bishop's University, the First Hundred Years (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1950), p. 2.

67, 68 F.A. Peake, The Anglican Church in British Columbia (Vancouver: Mitchell Press, 1959), p. 74; G. Edward Mills, "Architectural Trends in Victoria, B.C. 1850-1914," manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1976.

69 Canada. Parliament. Parliamentary Papers, Session of 1867-1868, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 201-47.

70 Ibid., pp. 201-46.

71 Robert A.J. Phillips, The East Block of the Parliament Buildings of Canada (Ottawa: The Queen's Printer, 1967), p. 27.

72 Stefan Muthesius, The High Victorian Movement in Architecture 1850-1870 (London, Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 59-64.

73 Claude T. Bissell, ed., University College, A Portrait, 1853-1953 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1953), pp. 22-34.

74 Charles Eastlake, History of the Gothic Revival (New York: Humanities Press, repub. 1970), p. 284.

75 G. Bastien, D.D. Dubé and C. Southam, op. cit., p. 102.

76 "The Ontario Institute for the Blind, Brantford, Ontario," Canadian Illustrated News, Vol. 3, No. 11 (March 18, 1871), p. 172.

77 Eric Arthur, op. cit., p. 228; "Toronto: Knox College," Canadian Illustrated News, Vol. 8, No. 13 (Sept. 18, 1873), p. 162.

78 C.A. Barber and W.W. Barber, ed., Winnipeg Architecture (Winnipeg: R.D. Richardson, 1883), Fig. 2; research notes of historian Randy Rostecki, Parks Canada, Winnipeg.

79 Luc d'Iberville Moreau, Lost Montreal (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 46.

80 "Montreal: New Presbyterian College," Canadian Illustrated News, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Jan. 8, 1876), p. 24; "Addition to the Montreal Presbyterian College," Canadian Illustrated News, Vol. 23, No. 25 (June 19, 1881), p. 396.

81 New Brunswick. Provincial Archives. Fredericton: the Early Years (Catalogue of) an Exhibition of Photographs from the Provincial Archives of New Brunswick Opened April 2, 1974, p. 42.

82 Barbara Humphreys and A.J.H. Richardson, "Survey of pre-1880 Villas in Canada." Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, June 1968, p. 7.

87 John Claudius Loudon, An Encyclopedia of Cottage, Farm and Villa Architecture and Furniture (London: Longmans, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1842), pp. 45, 50, 55, 96, 194; Alan Gowans, Building Canada: an Architectural History of Canadian Life (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1966), caption for Fig. 171.

88 Courtney C.J. Bond, City on the Ottawa (Ottawa: The Queen's Printer, 1967), p. 39.

92 Carol Wilcox, "The Price Houses, 2138-2146 Brunswick Street, Halifax." CIHB Report, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1975.

94 Shirley Morris, "The Nine-Year-Odyssey of a High Victorian Goth: Three Churches by Fred Cumberland," Journal of Canadian Art History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Summer 1975), pp. 42-53.

95 Marion Mac Rae and Anthony Adamson, op. cit., p. 194.

96 Ralph Greenhill, Ken MacPherson and Douglas Richardson, op. cit., "Meeting Houses and Churches," n.p.

97 Hamilton, Ont. Canadian Baptist Archives. McMaster Divinity College.

98 Official Publication of the First Presbyterian Church of Brockville, 160th Anniversary Edition of the Congregation, Margaret Veale, ed. (Brockville, 1976), p. 1.

100 Quebec. Archives des Missionnaires du Sacré-Coeur (71 Sainte Ursule Street), pers. com.

101 "Montreal: St. Martin's Church, Upper St. Urbain Street," Canadian Illustrated News, Vol. 12, No. 11 (Jan. 8, 1876), p. 232.

103 Sturgeon, P.E.I. Sturgeon Catholic Church Archives, Rev. W.D. McDonald, 1977, pers. com.

104 Irene Rodgers, "St. Dunstan's Cathedral, 61 Great George Street, Charlottetown, P.E.I. CIHB Report, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, 1974, pp. 113-21.

105 "St. Paul's — The Mother Church," The Qu'Appelle Crusader, Sept. 1967, p. 2; "St. Paul's Church, Regina," The Leader, 14 June 1894.

106 Winnipeg, Man. St. Giles United Church Archives, 1977, pers. com.

107 L. D. Mazer and M. Segger, City of Victoria Central Area Heritage Conservation Report (Victoria: City of Victoria, 1975), p. 74.

108 Ibid., p. 74; William Cochrane, The Canadian Album: Men of Canada (Brantford: Bradley Garretson and Co., 1893), Vol. 2, p. 186.

111 Eric Arthur, op. cit., p. 178.

112 Montgomery Schuyler, op. cit., pp. 50-58.

114 "Cathedral of St. Alban the Martyr, Toronto, Architects: Hutchison, Wood, Miller," Construction, Vol. 8, No. 3 (March 1915), pp. 74-75.

115 Harold Kalman and John Roaf, op. cit., p. 115.

116 Ian Montagnes, An Uncommon Fellowship: The Story of Hart House (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), pp. 6-27.

117 David Brown, "The University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon," Journal of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, Vol. 1, No. 5 (Oct.-Dec. 1924), pp. 109-13.

118 "Institute of Technology and Art, Calgary, Alberta, Architect: Richard P. Blackley," Construction, Vol. 15, No. 11 (Nov. 1922), pp. 336-39.

119 "Manitoba School for the Deaf, Winnipeg, Architect: J.D. Atchison," Construction, Vol. 16, No, 6 (June 1923), pp. 191-94.

120 W.D. Cromarty, "Ottawa and the Parliament Buildings," Construction, Vol. 17, No. 5 (May 1924), p. 140; "Gifted Architect Dead in 63rd Year," Gazette (Montreal), June 12, 1936.

122 "Residential Structure in 'Tudor' Design," Construction, Vol. 2, No. 9 (Sept. 1909), pp. 51-54.

123 Harold Kalman and John Roaf, op. cit., p. 150.

124 "Residence of Mr. Dennistoun, Roslyn Road, Winnipeg — John D. Atchison, Architect: Residence of F.C.T. Hana, Wurtemburg St., Ottawa — C.C. Meredith, Architect," Construction, Vol. 2, No. 11 (Sept. 1909), pp. 48-54.